為人民謀幸福：新中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展70年

（2019年9月）

中華人民共和國

國務院新聞辦公室

Seeking Happiness for People: 70 Years of Progress on Human Rights in China 

The State Council Information Office of 

the People's Republic of China 

September 2019

目錄

Contents

前言

Preamble

一、輝煌壯麗的人權(quán)發(fā)展歷程

I. A Splendid History of China's Human Rights Protection

二、以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念

II. People-centered Approach in Human Rights Protection

三、持續(xù)提升人民生活水平

III. Continuing to Improve People's Living Standards

四、切實保障人民各項權(quán)利

IV. Effectively Ensuring That People Enjoy Their Rights

五、重視保障特定群體權(quán)利

V. Protecting the Rights of Special Groups

六、不斷加強人權(quán)法治保障

VI. Strengthening the Rule of Law for Human Rights

七、全面參與全球人權(quán)治理

VII. Full Participation in Global Governance of Human Rights

八、推動世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展

VIII. Advancing the International Cause of Human Rights

結(jié)束語

Conclusion

前言

Preamble

2019年10月1日，是中華人民共和國成立70周年紀念日。無論是對中國還是對世界，這個日子都有著特別的意義。因為有了新中國70年，中國人民的生活才更加幸福美滿；因為有了新中國70年，我們的世界才更加繁榮發(fā)展；因為有了新中國70年，人類社會才更加豐富多彩。

October 1, 2019 is the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), a day of special significance not only for China but for the entire world. As a result of the developments that have taken place in the PRC over the 70 years, the people of China are living a happier life, the world is more prosperous, and human society is more diverse and colorful.

70年前，在中國共產(chǎn)黨的領導下，中國人民實現(xiàn)了翻身解放和當家作主。新中國70年，是中華民族迎來從站起來、富起來到強起來的70年；新中國70年，是中國人民各項基本權(quán)利日益得到尊重和保障的70年；新中國70年，是中國不斷為世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展作出貢獻的70年。

Seventy years ago, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) the people of China were emancipated and became masters of their country. Over the subsequent seven decades, the Chinese nation has stood up and grown prosperous and is becoming strong; all basic rights of the people are better respected and protected; and China has made regular contribution to the international cause of human rights.

人民幸福生活是最大的人權(quán)。中國共產(chǎn)黨從誕生那一天起，就把為人民謀幸福、為民族謀復興、為人類謀發(fā)展作為奮斗目標。新中國成立以來，特別是中共十八大以來，在習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想指引下，中國不斷總結(jié)人類社會發(fā)展經(jīng)驗，在建設中國特色社會主義的偉大實踐中，堅持把人權(quán)的普遍性原則與自身實際相結(jié)合，奉行以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念，始終把生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)作為首要的基本人權(quán)，協(xié)調(diào)增進全體人民的各項權(quán)利，努力促進人的全面發(fā)展。歷史和現(xiàn)實都證明，中國成功地走出了一條符合國情的人權(quán)發(fā)展道路，豐富了人類文明多樣性。

Living a happy life is the primary human right. Since the day of its foundation, the CPC has set its goal to work for the wellbeing of the people of China, for national rejuvenation and for human progress. Since the founding of the PRC, and especially since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China has been guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The nation has constantly reviewed the experience gained in human social development, integrated the principle of universality of human rights with national conditions in practicing socialism with Chinese characteristics, and espoused a people-centered view of human rights. China regards the rights to subsistence and development as its primary and basic human rights. It endeavors to improve the rights of all its people in a coordinated manner and works for their rounded development. Both history and present circumstances attest that China has opened a new path of human rights protection based on its national conditions, and increased the diversity of human civilizations.

作為國際社會重要一員，新中國高舉和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏的旗幟，堅持維護世界和平、促進共同發(fā)展，堅持以合作促發(fā)展，以發(fā)展促人權(quán)，全面參與全球人權(quán)治理，努力推動世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展進步。

As a key member of the international community, China raises high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefits, stanchly safeguarding world peace, promoting common development, and advancing development through cooperation while promoting human rights through development. It fully participates in global human rights governance, and works strenuously to advance the international cause of human rights.

一、輝煌壯麗的人權(quán)發(fā)展歷程

I. A Splendid History of China's Human Rights Protection

中華人民共和國是中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的社會主義國家。為中國人民謀幸福，為中華民族謀復興，是中國共產(chǎn)黨人的初心和使命；以人民為中心，是中國共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政的最高價值。中國共產(chǎn)黨的領導，是中國人民能夠享有人權(quán)并不斷享有更加充分人權(quán)的根本保證，是全體中國人民的利益所在、幸福所在，是中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的命脈所在、根本所在。

The PRC is a socialist country led by the CPC. The original aspiration and the mission of the Party is to seek happiness for the people of China and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, and putting the people at the center of all its work is the supreme pursuit of the Party in its governance. The Party's leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the people of China to have access to human rights, and to fully enjoy more human rights. This leadership is therefore in the interests of all people of China, critical for their pursuit of a happy life, and provides the foundations for the cause of human rights in China.

新中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展，與當代中國發(fā)展進程相統(tǒng)一，是中國特色社會主義發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。自1949年以來，新中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展大體經(jīng)歷了三個時期。

The progress in human rights in China parallels the country's overall progress in recent times, and results from the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The cause of human rights in China has gone through three phases since 1949:

第一個時期：1949年新中國成立，確立了社會主義基本制度，完成了中國歷史上最為廣泛而深刻的社會變革，為中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展奠定了根本政治前提和制度基礎。

The first phase: Founded in 1949, the PRC established a basic socialist system and achieved the most extensive and profound social transformation in China's history, laying down the basic political prerequisite and establishing the institutions for developing human rights in China.

從1840年到1949年，由于西方列強的一次次入侵，加之統(tǒng)治階級的腐朽和社會制度的落后，中國逐步淪為半殖民地半封建社會。戰(zhàn)亂頻仍、社會動蕩、經(jīng)濟凋敝、民不聊生，是當時中國的真實寫照。在舊中國，廣大人民長期處于帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義的壓迫下，毫無人權(quán)可言。

Between 1840 and 1949, due to repeated invasions by foreign powers, a corrupt ruling class, and a backward social system, China was gradually reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Frequent wars, instability, a shattered economy, and a destitute populace – this is an accurate portrayal of China at that time. The people suffered under the oppression of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat-capitalism, and had no access to human rights at all.

新中國的成立，實現(xiàn)和捍衛(wèi)了真正完全的民族解放和國家獨立，為中國人民的生命、自由和人身安全提供了根本保障，為中國人民各項權(quán)利得到有效保障和不斷發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了根本條件。

With the founding of the PRC, China achieved and then defended true, complete national liberation and independence, which provided the fundamental guarantee for the subsistence, freedom, and personal security of the people, and created fundamental conditions to effectively protect and continuously improve all of their rights.

新中國建立和鞏固了人民民主的政治制度，保障人民當家作主的權(quán)利。在新中國成立前夕，通過了具有臨時憲法作用的《中國人民政治協(xié)商會議共同綱領》，規(guī)定人民享有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)以及廣泛的政治權(quán)利和自由；婦女在政治、經(jīng)濟、文化教育、社會生活各方面均有與男子平等的權(quán)利。1954年，第一屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議通過的《中華人民共和國憲法》，確立了人民民主原則和社會主義原則，確立了人民代表大會制度，在制度上保障了國家一切權(quán)力屬于人民，并設立專章規(guī)定了公民的基本權(quán)利和義務。

The PRC established and consolidated the political system of people's democracy, which guarantees the people's rights to be masters of their country. The Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, which was adopted on the eve of the founding of the PRC and served as the provisional Constitution of China, stipulates: people have the right to vote and to stand in election in addition to a wide range of political rights and freedoms; and women have the same rights as men in all respects, including politics, economy, culture, education and social life. The 1954 Constitution of the PRC, which was adopted at the First Session of the First National People's Congress (NPC), set up the principles of people's democracy and socialism, established the system of people's congresses, and provided institutional guarantees for ensuring all power in the PRC belongs to the people. It included a chapter specifying the basic rights and obligations of citizens.

新中國開展各項民主改革和社會事業(yè)建設，為促進經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和保障人權(quán)創(chuàng)造了條件。土地改革運動廢除了地主階級封建剝削的土地所有制，中國農(nóng)民真正從經(jīng)濟上翻身做了主人，被束縛的農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)力獲得解放，廣大農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟地位和生活狀況大大改善。從1950年起，對國營廠礦交通企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和管理制度進行民主改革，建立工廠管理委員會和職工代表大會，使工人真正成為企業(yè)的主人。1950年，頒布實施婚姻法，廢除包辦強迫、男尊女卑、漠視子女利益的封建婚姻制度，實行婚姻自由、一夫一妻、男女權(quán)利平等、保護婦女和子女合法利益的新婚姻制度。促進教育、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)發(fā)展，建立勞動保險和社會救濟制度，初步形成以單位為組織形式的社會保障體系。

The various democratic reforms and social programs carried out by the PRC during this period created conditions for economic and social development and protection of human rights. The land reform in the early 1950s abolished the feudal system of land ownership that allowed for exploitation by the landlord class. As a result, Chinese peasants were economically liberated and became masters of their country. Suppressed rural productive forces were unleashed and peasants' economic status and living standards were greatly improved. The democratic reform of the production and management of state-owned factories, mines, and transportation operators that started in 1950 set up factory management committees and workers' congresses in these entities, and hence made workers true masters of their enterprises. The Marriage Law promulgated in 1950 abolished the feudal marriage system that sanctioned arranged or forced marriages, enabled men's superiority over women, and neglected children's interests. It established a new marriage system featuring monogamy, freedom of marriage, gender equality, and protection of the legitimate interests of women and children. In addition, China promoted education and healthcare, established labor insurance and social relief systems, and created a nascent social security system with public employers being the building blocks.

新中國建設獨立完整的國民經(jīng)濟體系，推動經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，為保障人權(quán)奠定經(jīng)濟基礎。新中國迅速醫(yī)治戰(zhàn)爭創(chuàng)傷，僅用三年時間，就使國民經(jīng)濟和人民生活恢復到歷史最高水平。在此基礎上，不失時機地對農(nóng)業(yè)、手工業(yè)和資本主義工商業(yè)進行社會主義改造，建立了社會主義的基本經(jīng)濟制度，為人民平等參與經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和分享勞動成果提供了基本的社會制度保證。

The PRC established a complete, comprehensive economic system to boost economic growth, which laid the economic foundations for human rights protection. The newborn People's Republic quickly recovered from the devastation of past wars. In only three years its economy and the people's standard of living rose to the highest level in history. On this basis China started socialist transformation of agriculture, handcrafts and capitalist industry and commerce, and established a basic economic system of socialism. This provided the basic institutional guarantee for the people to participate in economic development and share the fruits of their work on an equal footing.

新中國徹底否定了民族壓迫和民族歧視，發(fā)展民族平等、互助、團結(jié)關系。民族區(qū)域自治制度的成功實行，有效保障了少數(shù)民族在祖國大家庭中的平等權(quán)利和少數(shù)民族管理本民族、本地區(qū)事務的自治權(quán)利。

The PRC soundly rejects ethnic oppression and discrimination, and forges an interethnic relationship characterized by equality, mutual help and unity. The success of the system of regional ethnic autonomy effectively guarantees the equal rights of all ethnic minority groups in China as well as their right of autonomy in handling affairs of their own groups and regions.

第二個時期：1978年實行改革開放，成功開辟了中國特色社會主義道路，極大地解放和發(fā)展了社會生產(chǎn)力，人民生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)和各項基本權(quán)利不斷得到更好保障，中國人權(quán)事業(yè)得到大發(fā)展。

The second phase: The reform and opening up launched in 1978 opened the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and has emancipated and developed the productive forces to a great extent. As a result the people's rights to subsistence and development and other basic rights are better protected, and the cause of human rights in China has made huge progress.

改革開放是中國共產(chǎn)黨在新的時代條件下帶領全國各族人民進行的新的偉大革命。中國共產(chǎn)黨帶領人民深刻總結(jié)我國社會主義建設正反兩方面經(jīng)驗，堅持走社會主義道路，堅持以經(jīng)濟建設為中心，堅持四項基本原則，堅持改革開放，建設中國特色社會主義。中國共產(chǎn)黨把發(fā)展作為執(zhí)政興國的第一要務和解決中國所有問題的關鍵，大力發(fā)展社會生產(chǎn)力，努力以發(fā)展促進人權(quán)保障，極大地調(diào)動了億萬人民的積極性。

Reform and opening up was a great new revolution undertaken by the people of China and led by the CPC under the new conditions of that era. Under the leadership of the CPC, the people review experiences and lessons drawn from socialist construction, adhere to the path of socialism, keep economic development as our central task, uphold the Four Cardinal Principles and reform and opening up, and build socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC pursues development as its top priority in governance and rejuvenation of the nation and the key to solving all China's problems. It vigorously builds up productive forces and strives to better protect human rights through development, and has thereby aroused great enthusiasm among the people.

在改革開放中，中國共產(chǎn)黨將尊重和保障人權(quán)作為執(zhí)政主張，不斷賦予中國人權(quán)發(fā)展新的內(nèi)涵。1997年，中共十五大明確提出，“保證人民依法享有廣泛的權(quán)利和自由，尊重和保障人權(quán)”。2002年，“尊重和保障人權(quán)”作為社會主義政治文明建設的重要目標寫入中共十六大報告。2007年，中共十七大報告進一步指出要“尊重和保障人權(quán)，依法保證全體社會成員平等參與、平等發(fā)展的權(quán)利”。同年，“尊重和保障人權(quán)”首次載入《中國共產(chǎn)黨章程》。

In the course of reform and opening up, the CPC has made respecting and protecting human rights a goal of its governance, and added new elements to advancing the cause. In 1997, the 15th CPC National Congress committed to: "…ensuring that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedom endowed by law, and respecting and guaranteeing human rights." In 2002, "Human rights are respected and guaranteed" was written into the report to the 16th CPC National Congress as an important goal of socialist political progress. In 2007, the report to the 17th CPC National Congress further pointed out: "We must respect and guarantee human rights, and ensure the equal right to participation and development for all members of society in accordance with the law." And in the same year, this principle was written for the first time into the CPC Constitution.

在改革開放中，中國堅持依憲治國，為促進人權(quán)事業(yè)全面發(fā)展提供根本法保障。1982年，第五屆全國人大五次會議通過了現(xiàn)行憲法。憲法明確規(guī)定了中國社會主義民主的主要內(nèi)容和基本形態(tài)，全面系統(tǒng)規(guī)定了全體人民享有廣泛的公民權(quán)利、政治權(quán)利和經(jīng)濟、社會、文化權(quán)利。此后，全國人大五次通過憲法修正案，從基本經(jīng)濟制度、分配制度、保護公民私有財產(chǎn)、建立健全社會保障制度等方面，不斷加強對人權(quán)的保護。特別是2004年3月，第十屆全國人大二次會議將“尊重和保障人權(quán)”寫入憲法，有力保障和推進了中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展。

In the course of reform and opening up, China adheres to governance based on the Constitution, which provides the fundamental legal guarantee for comprehensive progress in human rights. In 1982, the Fifth Session of the Fifth NPC adopted the current Constitution of the PRC, which clearly defines the substance and basic form of socialist democracy. It provides that all citizens are entitled to civil rights, political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights. In the following years, the NPC adopted five amendments to the Constitution to better protect human rights. These covered the basic economic system, distribution system, protection of citizens' private property, and social security system. In particular, the amendment adopted at the Second Session of the 10th NPC added the line "The State respects and preserves human rights" into the Constitution, a move that has strongly guaranteed and advanced human rights in China.

在改革開放中，中國努力將促進人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展納入國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和規(guī)劃。1991年，中國發(fā)布第一部人權(quán)白皮書——《中國的人權(quán)狀況》。制定并實施國家人權(quán)行動計劃，確定尊重和保障人權(quán)的階段性目標、任務。國家還制定了經(jīng)濟、文化、社會和環(huán)境等方面的專項行動計劃，以及保障少數(shù)民族、婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人等特定群體權(quán)利的專項規(guī)劃，努力促進全體人民共同享有充分權(quán)利。

In the course of reform and opening up, China has incorporated the protection of human rights into national development strategies and plans. In 1991, the Chinese government published its first white paper on human rights – Human Rights in China. It formulated and implemented the National Human Rights Action Plan, which set phased goals and tasks for respecting and safeguarding human rights. China has also made targeted action plans relating to the economy, culture, society, the environment and other fields, as well as plans to protect the rights of specific groups, such as ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities, to ensure that all the people of China can fully enjoy their rights.

在改革開放中，中國進一步建立并完善了適合本國國情的人權(quán)保障制度，初步形成了中國特色人權(quán)保障體系。國家建立了最低生活保障制度、最低工資保障制度、勞動保障監(jiān)察制度和勞動人事爭議處理制度、就業(yè)救助制度、中小學義務教育制度等；通過民法通則和侵權(quán)責任法等建立了人格權(quán)保護體系，推進戶籍制度改革，并不斷完善選舉制度、基層群眾自治制度、政務信息公開制度、訴訟制度、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護制度等。

In the course of reform and opening up, China has established and improved institutions for protecting human rights that are suited to its national conditions. A human rights protection system with Chinese characteristics has taken shape. The Chinese government has put into place a number of systems and mechanisms, including those dealing with subsistence allowances, the minimum wage, labor security supervision, labor dispute settlement, employment assistance, and compulsory education (primary and middle schools). With the promulgation of the General Principles of the Civil Law and Tort Liability Law, China has established a system of protection for the right to dignity. In addition, it has advanced household registration reform, and made consistent improvements to the election system, the community-level self-governance system, the system for transparency of government affairs, the litigation system and the system for intellectual property protection. 

第三個時期：2012年中共十八大召開，中國特色社會主義進入新時代，在習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想指引下，堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，大力保障和改善民生，加強人權(quán)法治保障，中國人權(quán)事業(yè)得到全面發(fā)展。

The third phase: The 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 marks the advent of a new era for socialism with Chinese characteristics. Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China espouses the people-centered development philosophy, works hard to ensure and improve people's wellbeing, and continues to strengthen legal protection for human rights. As a result, the cause of human rights in China has made headway on all fronts.

新時代中國特色社會主義將“人權(quán)得到切實尊重和保障”作為全面建成小康社會的重要目標，從戰(zhàn)略層面確立了人權(quán)事業(yè)的重要地位。中共十八大修改通過的《中國共產(chǎn)黨章程》再次重申尊重和保障人權(quán)。2014年，中共十八屆四中全會通過《中共中央關于全面推進依法治國若干重大問題的決定》，強調(diào)“加強人權(quán)司法保障”“增強全社會尊重和保障人權(quán)意識”。2017年，中共十九大確立習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為中國共產(chǎn)黨的指導思想，明確提出“加強人權(quán)法治保障，保證人民依法享有廣泛權(quán)利和自由”，為全面推進中國人權(quán)事業(yè)提供了根本遵循。

In building socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, full respect for and protection of human rights is an important goal of China's endeavors to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This establishes the importance of human rights from a strategic perspective. The CPC Constitution amended and adopted at the 18th National Congress reaffirms the principle of respecting and protecting human rights. In 2014, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee adopted the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Rule of Law", which emphasizes the need to "provide stronger judicial protection of human rights" and to "strengthen awareness throughout the whole of society about the need to respect and safeguard human rights." In 2017, the 19th CPC National Congress established Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guiding ideology of the CPC, and categorically stated that we should "strengthen legal protection for human rights to ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms as prescribed by law." This provides fundamental basis for us to advance the cause of human rights in China.

新時代中國特色社會主義將人民對美好生活的向往作為奮斗目標，切實增強人民獲得感、幸福感、安全感。堅持以解決社會主要矛盾為人權(quán)發(fā)展立足點，聚焦人民日益增長的美好生活需要，促進各項人權(quán)的充分平衡發(fā)展。堅持以人的全面發(fā)展為人權(quán)價值取向，落實新發(fā)展理念，逐步實現(xiàn)全體人民共同富裕，建設富強民主文明和諧美麗的社會主義現(xiàn)代化強國。

In building socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, the people's aspiration to live a better life is the focus of all the country's work, and China strives to give the people a stronger sense of gain, happiness and security. It bases the cause of human rights on the endeavors to solve the principal contradiction in Chinese society, focuses on people's ever-growing needs for a better life, and promotes full and balanced progress in all human rights. China promotes well-rounded development of the people as a principle of human rights, applies the new development philosophy, presses ahead toward common prosperity for all, and strives to build a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful.

新時代中國特色社會主義著眼于實現(xiàn)“兩個一百年”奮斗目標和中華民族偉大復興的中國夢，提出經(jīng)濟建設、政治建設、文化建設、社會建設、生態(tài)文明建設“五位一體”總體布局，使每個人的經(jīng)濟、政治、文化、社會、環(huán)境權(quán)利能夠得到充分保障；提出全面建成小康社會、全面深化改革、全面依法治國、全面從嚴治黨“四個全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，為全面推進中國人權(quán)事業(yè)提供了有力保障。中國將尊重和保障人權(quán)貫穿于推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的全過程，加強人權(quán)法治保障，積極改革完善各項人權(quán)保障制度，以制度現(xiàn)代化與法治精神的高度統(tǒng)一維護公民的各項權(quán)利。

In building socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, China focuses on achieving the Two Centenary Goals and realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation. For this purpose it put forward the Five-point Strategy (promoting economic, political, cultural, social, and environmental progress in a coordinated way), so every citizen's rights can be fully protected in each of these spheres. For this new era it has also introduced the Four-pronged Strategy: to complete a moderately prosperous society in all respects, further reform, advance the rule of law, and strengthen Party discipline, which provides a strong guarantee for advancing the cause of human rights in China on all fronts. China respects and guarantees human rights throughout the process of modernizing its national governance system and capacity. It has strengthened legal protection for human rights and reformed and refined the systems to protect human rights, and it safeguards citizens' rights through the combination of modern institutions and the rule of law.

二、以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念

II. People-centered Approach in Human Rights Protection

經(jīng)過新中國70年的人權(quán)發(fā)展實踐，中國把人權(quán)的普遍性原則與本國具體實際相結(jié)合，已經(jīng)形成了較為系統(tǒng)的以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念，其基本點包括：

In developing human rights over the past 70 years, China has combined universal principles with the prevailing realities of the country, forming a system of human rights with a people-centered approach. The basic elements are:

——人權(quán)是歷史的、發(fā)展的。人權(quán)是一定歷史條件下的產(chǎn)物，也會隨著歷史條件的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。各國發(fā)展階段、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平、文化傳統(tǒng)、社會結(jié)構(gòu)不同，所面臨的人權(quán)發(fā)展任務和應采取的人權(quán)保障方式也會有所不同。應當尊重人權(quán)發(fā)展道路的多樣性。只有將人權(quán)的普遍性原則同各國實際相結(jié)合，才能有效地促進人權(quán)的實現(xiàn)。世界各國在人權(quán)保障上沒有最好，只有更好；世界上沒有放之四海而皆準的人權(quán)發(fā)展道路和保障模式，人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展必須也只能按照本國國情和人民需要加以推進。

Human rights are a historical and developmental concept. Born under certain historical circumstances, the concept evolves as times change. Different nations have different tasks and take different approaches to ensure human rights, because they differ in terms of stage of development, economy, culture and society. Diversity in developing human rights should be respected. They can only be effectively ensured by combining universal principles with the prevailing realities of different countries. Every country has room for improvement in protecting human rights. There is no universally applicable model, and human rights can only advance in the context of national conditions and people's needs.

——生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)是首要的基本人權(quán)。貧窮是實現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大障礙。沒有物質(zhì)資料的生產(chǎn)和供給，人類其他一切權(quán)利的實現(xiàn)都是非常困難或不可能的。生存權(quán)利的有效保障、生活質(zhì)量的不斷提高，是享有和發(fā)展其他人權(quán)的前提和基礎。近代中國長期遭受外來侵略，國家貧窮落后，人民困苦不堪，毫無權(quán)利可言。中國人民深知免于貧困、免于饑餓為生存之本。多年來，中國始終把解決人民的生存權(quán)、實現(xiàn)人民的發(fā)展權(quán)作為第一要務，不斷解放和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，致力于消除貧困，提高發(fā)展水平，為保障人民各項權(quán)利的實現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造了基礎條件。

The rights to subsistence and development are the primary rights. Poverty is the greatest obstacle to providing human rights. It would be well-nigh impossible for humanity to ensure any right without the production and supply of goods and materials. The effective guarantee of the right to subsistence and the steady improvement of living standards are the preconditions and foundations for fulfilling and developing all other human rights. From the mid-19th century, China suffered repeated foreign aggressions and fell into poverty and backwardness. Living in misery, the people enjoyed utterly no right of any kind. The Chinese know very well what survival requires – no poverty and no hunger. Prioritizing people's rights to subsistence and development, China has committed to liberating and developing productive forces, eliminating poverty, and enhancing its level of development. All this has laid the foundation for fulfilling the various rights of the people.

——人權(quán)是個人人權(quán)與集體人權(quán)的有機統(tǒng)一。沒有個人的發(fā)展，就沒有集體的發(fā)展；同時，也只有在集體中，個人才能獲得全面發(fā)展。在當代中國的人權(quán)實踐中，既重視集體人權(quán)的發(fā)展，又重視個人人權(quán)的保障，努力使二者相互統(tǒng)一、相互協(xié)調(diào)、相互促進。個人權(quán)利只有與集體權(quán)利統(tǒng)一起來，才能實現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大化。中國在國家富強、民族振興和人民幸福融為一體的發(fā)展中，努力保障每一個人和全體人民的各項權(quán)利。

Human rights mean the integration of individual and collective rights. There is no collective development without individual development; individuals can only enjoy well-rounded development in a collective environment. In China, equal attention has been paid to developing collective rights and ensuring individual rights, so that the two are integrated, coordinated, and mutually-enhancing. Individual rights can only be maximized in the context of collective rights. The Chinese government strives to ensure the rights of every individual and all its citizens by seeking prosperity for the country, rejuvenation for the nation, and wellbeing for the people.

——整體推進各項權(quán)利是人權(quán)實現(xiàn)的重要原則。各項人權(quán)相互依賴、不可分割。中國堅持對各項權(quán)利的發(fā)展進行統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)、統(tǒng)一部署、均衡促進，切實推動經(jīng)濟、社會、文化權(quán)利和公民權(quán)利、政治權(quán)利的平衡發(fā)展。中共十八大以來，中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府統(tǒng)籌推進經(jīng)濟建設、政治建設、文化建設、社會建設、生態(tài)文明建設“五位一體”總體布局，協(xié)調(diào)推進全面建成小康社會、全面深化改革、全面依法治國、全面從嚴治黨“四個全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，推進了中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的全面發(fā)展，體現(xiàn)了人權(quán)的整體性發(fā)展思想。

Overall progress in all rights is a major principle of realization of human rights. All human rights are interdependent and inalienable. China coordinates the planning and promotion of all rights and endeavors to achieve a balanced development of economic, social, and cultural rights and civil and political rights. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC and the Chinese government has sought to make overall economic, political, cultural, social, and environmental progress, known as the Five-point Strategy, and made comprehensive moves to complete a moderately prosperous society in all respects, further reform, advance the rule of law, and strengthen Party discipline, known as the Four-pronged Strategy. In this way, China has made comprehensive progress in human rights through an integrated approach.

——人民的獲得感、幸福感、安全感是檢驗人權(quán)實現(xiàn)的重要標準。把人民對美好生活的向往落實到實現(xiàn)好、維護好、發(fā)展好最廣大人民根本利益上，不斷提高人民群眾獲得感、幸福感、安全感，是中國共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政的核心精神所在。堅持人民在人權(quán)事業(yè)中的主體地位，把人民利益擺在至高無上的位置，讓人民過上好日子，使發(fā)展成果更多更公平地惠及全體人民，讓每個人更好地發(fā)展自我、幸福生活，讓每個人都能夠免于恐懼、不受威脅，是實現(xiàn)人人享有更加充分人權(quán)的真諦所在。

People's sense of gain, happiness and security is an important criterion for evaluating human rights. The core spirit of CPC governance lies in fulfilling the people's aspiration for a better life by realizing, safeguarding and developing their fundamental interests, and in enhancing their sense of gain, happiness and security. For everyone to fully enjoy human rights, we must uphold the people-centered approach, prioritize the people's interests before anything else, and ensure a good life for the people. We must ensure that the fruits of development offer greater benefits to all the people in a fair way, enable every person to enjoy opportunities for self-development and a good life, and prevent them from fear and threat.

——公正合理包容是國際人權(quán)治理的基本原則。國際社會應秉持和平、發(fā)展、公平、正義、民主、自由的人類共同價值，維護人的尊嚴和權(quán)利，推動形成更加公正合理包容的全球人權(quán)治理。中國一直是國際人權(quán)事業(yè)健康發(fā)展的倡導者、踐行者和推動者，反對將人權(quán)政治化或搞人權(quán)“雙重標準”，推動國際社會以公正客觀非選擇的方式處理人權(quán)問題。中國全面深入?yún)⑴c國際人權(quán)交流、對話與合作，與各國一道推動共同構(gòu)建人類命運共同體，開創(chuàng)世界美好未來。

Fairness, being reasonable and inclusiveness are the basic principles of international human rights governance. The international community should uphold the shared values of humanity – peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy and freedom. It must safeguard human dignity and rights, and strive for fairer, more reasonable and inclusive global human rights governance. China is a supporter, practitioner and promoter of international human rights. It opposes politicizing human rights or applying double standards in matters related to human rights, and encourages the international community to address human rights issues in a fair, objective and non-selective manner. China is engaged in extensive, in-depth international exchanges, dialogue and cooperation concerning human rights, and works with the rest of the world to build a global community of shared future and a beautiful world.

——促進人的自由全面發(fā)展是人權(quán)的最高價值追求。每個人的自由發(fā)展是一切人的自由發(fā)展的條件。人權(quán)的主體是人，人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展從根本上說是人的發(fā)展，要為人實現(xiàn)自身潛能創(chuàng)造條件。中國全面建成小康社會和實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興的中國夢，就是讓人民有更好的教育、更穩(wěn)定的工作、更滿意的收入、更可靠的社會保障、更高水平的醫(yī)療服務、更舒適的居住條件、更優(yōu)美的環(huán)境，讓每個人都能更有尊嚴地發(fā)展自我和奉獻社會，共同享有人生出彩的機會，共同享有夢想成真的機會，增進人民福祉，促進人的全面發(fā)展。

The free and well-rounded development of every person is the ultimate goal of human rights. The free development of each individual is the precondition for the free development of all people. Human rights are people's rights; human rights development means people's development. We must create the conditions for people's self-actualization. By building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, China aims to fulfill the people's aspirations for a better education, more stable jobs, higher incomes, more reliable social security, better medical and health care, improved housing conditions, and a beautiful environment. It aims to enable every person to enjoy self-development and serve society with dignity, to ensure equal opportunities for all to live a rewarding life and realize their dreams, to improve their wellbeing, and to promote their well-rounded development.

三、持續(xù)提升人民生活水平

III. Continuing to Improve People's Living Standards

中國是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家。如何解決好溫飽問題，并在解決溫飽的基礎上實現(xiàn)更好的發(fā)展，使人民生活得更加幸福，始終是中國共產(chǎn)黨最根本的執(zhí)政任務。中國堅持把生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)作為首要的基本人權(quán)，努力通過發(fā)展增進人民福祉，實現(xiàn)更加充分的人權(quán)保障。

China is the world's largest developing country. It has always been the CPC's most fundamental mission in governance to ensure adequate food and clothing for the people, achieve better development, and give the people a better life. Upholding the rights to subsistence and development as the primary human rights, China strives to enhance people's wellbeing through development in order to better protect their human rights.

糧食權(quán)得到有效保障。新中國成立之初，面臨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基礎單薄、“靠天吃飯”、糧食產(chǎn)量較低的現(xiàn)實困難，很多人處于食物匱乏和營養(yǎng)不良的困境。多年來，中國政府通過改革農(nóng)村土地制度，穩(wěn)定和完善農(nóng)村土地承包關系，大力推進農(nóng)田水利設施建設，使農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力不斷提升，主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定增長。中國的糧食總產(chǎn)量由1949年的11318萬噸提高到2018年的65789萬噸，耕地灌溉面積由1949年的1594萬公頃擴大到2018年的6810萬公頃，谷物、肉類、花生、茶葉、水果等產(chǎn)量連續(xù)多年位居世界第一。中國以占全球6.6%的淡水資源和9%的耕地，養(yǎng)活了世界近20%的人口，從根本上消除了饑餓，持續(xù)改善了人民的營養(yǎng)水平。

The right to food is effectively guaranteed. In the early days of the PRC, the country faced many difficulties, such as a weak agricultural base dependent on the weather, and low grain yield. As a result many Chinese did not have enough to eat and suffered from malnutrition. Over the years the Chinese government has carried out rural land reforms to stabilize and improve land contracting system in rural areas. With improved irrigation infrastructure, China's agriculture has seen a continuing rise in productivity and steady increase in the output of main agricultural products. 

Total grain output soared from 113.18 million tons in 1949 to 657.89 million tons in 2018, and the area of irrigated farmland from 15.94 million ha in 1949 to 68.1 million ha in 2018. China's output of grain, meat, peanut, tea, and fruit has topped the world for many years. China feeds approximately 20 percent of the world's population using 6.6 percent of the fresh water resources and 9 percent of the arable land of the world; it has succeeded in improving nutrition and eradicating hunger.

絕對貧困基本消除。貧窮是中國人民實現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大障礙。國家積貧積弱、人民貧困如洗，是舊中國留給世人的深刻印象。新中國成立以來，中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府帶領人民為消除貧困作出了巨大努力。改革開放以來，中國持續(xù)開展以農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)為中心的減貧行動。中共十八大以來，中共中央把貧困人口脫貧作為全面建成小康社會的底線任務和基本標志，作出打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)的決策部署，明確到2020年現(xiàn)行標準下農(nóng)村貧困人口實現(xiàn)脫貧、貧困縣全部摘帽，解決區(qū)域性整體貧困。中共十九大把精準脫貧作為決勝全面建成小康社會必須打好的三大攻堅戰(zhàn)之一，作出新的部署。中國農(nóng)村貧困人口（按照2010年貧困標準）由1978年的7.7億人減少至2018年的1660萬人，農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生率由1978年的97.5%下降至2018年的1.7%。2012年至2018年，中國每年有1000多萬人穩(wěn)定脫貧。中國成為世界上減貧人口最多的國家，是第一個完成聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標減貧目標的發(fā)展中國家，對全球減貧貢獻率超過70%。

Absolute poverty eliminated. Poverty is the biggest obstacle to fulfilling the human rights of the Chinese people. In the past, the world knew an old, weak China mired in poverty, its people living in dire misery. Since the founding of the PRC, the CPC and the Chinese government have led the people in a great fight to eliminate poverty, highlighted by a campaign which since 1978, the year when reform and opening up was launched, has focused on development-oriented poverty alleviation in rural areas. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee has taken poverty elimination as the primary task, made it a defining indicator in completing a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and laid out plans to win the final battle against poverty. It has been made clear that by 2020 there must be no more rural people living below the current poverty line and no more impoverished counties, and regional poverty must be eradicated. The 19th CPC National Congress has made new plans for targeted poverty eradication, one of the three final tasks that must be accomplished to achieve all-round moderate prosperity. 

Between 1978 and 2018 the number of rural poor fell from 770 million to 16.6 million calculated against China's poverty line set in 2010, and the incidence of poverty in rural areas dropped from 97.5 percent to 1.7 percent. More than 10 million people rose and remained above the poverty line every year from 2012 to 2018. With the highest number of people moving out of poverty, China was the first developing country to realize one of the UN Millennium Development Goals for poverty reduction. This achievement represented 70 percent of the global poverty reduction effort.

人民生活水平大幅提升。1952年，中國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值僅為679億元，人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值僅為119元。2018年，中國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值達到900309億元，按不變價計算，比1952年增長174倍；人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值達到64644元；人均國民總收入達到9732美元，高于中等收入國家平均水平。1956年，全國居民人均可支配收入僅為98元，人均消費支出僅為88元。2018年，全國居民人均可支配收入達到28228元，比1956年實際增長36.8倍；人均消費支出為19853元，比1956年實際增長28.5倍；全國居民恩格爾系數(shù)為28.4%，比1978年降低35.5個百分點。2018年，城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭平均每百戶家用汽車擁有量達41輛，農(nóng)村居民家庭平均每百戶家用汽車擁有量達22.3輛；全國居民每百戶移動電話擁有量為249.1部。中共十八大以來，農(nóng)村居民可支配收入實際增速連續(xù)多年快于城鎮(zhèn)居民，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入差距不斷縮小，城鄉(xiāng)居民人均可支配收入之比2018年已下降至2.69。

Living standards improved markedly. In 1952, China's GDP was RMB67.9 billion, with a per capita GDP of RMB119. In 2018, China's GDP reached RMB90 trillion, 175 times that of the 1952 figure in real terms. The per capita GDP was RMB64,644, and the per capita gross national income was US$9,732 – above the average level of middle-income countries. The per capita disposable income of Chinese citizens in 1956 was RMB98, and the per capita consumer spending was RMB88. In 2018, the per capita disposable income reached RMB28,228, a 36.8-fold increase in real terms over that of 1956; the per capita consumer spending was RMB19,853, a 28.5-fold increase over 1956 in real terms; the Engel coefficient was 28.4 percent, 35.5 percentage points lower than that of 1978. In 2018, every 100 urban households had 41 family cars, and every 100 rural households had 22.3 family cars; every 100 households had 249.1 mobile phones. 

Following the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the real growth in disposable rural income has outpaced urban income. The gap between urban and rural incomes has narrowed, with the ratio falling to 2.69 in 2018.

飲水安全獲得切實保障。實施農(nóng)村飲水安全工程建設，2005年至2018年，全國累計解決5.2億農(nóng)村居民和4700多萬農(nóng)村學校師生的飲水安全問題，鞏固提升了1.73億農(nóng)村人口供水保障水平，農(nóng)村集中供水率和農(nóng)村自來水普及率分別達到86%和81%。中國于2009年提前6年完成聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標提出的“飲水不安全人口減少一半”的目標。截至2018年，全國農(nóng)村供水工程1100多萬處，建立了比較完整的農(nóng)村供水工程體系，農(nóng)村供水服務總?cè)丝谶_到9.4億人。開展全國重要飲用水水源地安全保障達標建設和檢查評估，將618個供水人口20萬以上地表水飲用水水源地及年供水量2000萬立方米以上地下水飲用水水源地納入《全國重要飲用水水源地名錄（2016）》管理。按照水源地數(shù)量統(tǒng)計，2018年全國地級及以上城市871個在用集中式生活飲用水水源地中，達標水源地比例為90.9%。2018年全國居民有管道供水入戶的戶比重為90.0%，有安全飲用水的戶比重為95.2%，獲取飲用水無困難的戶比重為96.3%。

Safe drinking water. A program was launched in 2005 to guarantee safe drinking water in rural areas. By the end of 2018, a total of 520 million rural residents and 47 million teachers and students in rural areas had gained access to safe drinking water, 173 million rural residents had a better and more steady supply of drinking water, and the percentages of centralized water supply and running water supply reached 86 percent and 81 percent in rural areas. In 2009 China attained one of the UN Millennium Development Goals – halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water – six years ahead of schedule. As of 2018, there were more than 11 million water supply facilities in rural areas, and a complete rural water supply system had been formed to serve 940 million people. 

The government has conducted examination and assessment of key drinking water sources nationwide, to ensure they meet safety standards. In 2016, 618 surface water sources, each supplying drinking water for 200,000 people or more, and all ground water sources, each supplying 20 million or more cu m of drinking water annually, were incorporated into the Catalogue of China's Major Drinking Water Sources. In 2018, 90.9 percent of the 871 drinking water sources serving cities at the prefecture level and above reached the required standard. In 2018, 90 percent of all households had piped water supply, 95.2 percent had access to safe drinking water, and 96.3 percent had convenient access to drinking water.

人民基本居住條件顯著改善。改革開放前，在十分困難的條件下，城鎮(zhèn)以單位為主體、農(nóng)村以農(nóng)戶為主體，努力解決住房問題。改革開放后，開展城鎮(zhèn)住房制度改革，穩(wěn)步推進住房商品化、社會化，住房保障體系不斷完善，住房保障能力持續(xù)提升，城鄉(xiāng)居民住房條件大幅改善。2018年，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均住房建筑面積達到39.0平方米，比1956年增加33.3平方米，增長5.8倍；農(nóng)村居民人均住房建筑面積達到47.3平方米，比1978年增加39.2平方米，增長4.8倍。自2008年以來，大規(guī)模實施城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程，開展農(nóng)村危房改造工作。截至2018年，全國城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程累計開工建設約7000萬套，累計約2200萬困難群眾領取了公租房租賃補貼，合計幫助約2億困難群眾改善了住房條件；幫助數(shù)千萬貧困農(nóng)民告別原來的破舊泥草房、土坯房、樹皮房等危房，住上基本安全房，農(nóng)房抗震防災能力和居住舒適度得到顯著提升。改善城市和農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境，開展生態(tài)修復、城市修補，推進建筑節(jié)能、綠色建筑及既有建筑節(jié)能改造，推進農(nóng)村生活污水治理和農(nóng)村生活垃圾收運處置體系建設。截至2018年，全國已有84%的行政村實現(xiàn)生活垃圾收運處置體系基本覆蓋。

Improved housing conditions. Before the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, despite great difficulties, the government endeavored to address housing problems. At that time, housing was mainly provided by employers for workers in urban areas, while rural residents built their own houses. After 1978, urban housing reform was introduced to commercialize the sector, while the housing supply system was gradually improved. The housing conditions of urban and rural residents have improved markedly. In 2018, the per capita floor space of urban residents was 39.0 sq m, up by a factor of 5.8 from 1956, and that of rural residents was 47.3 sq m, up by a factor of 4.8 from 1978. 

Since 2008, the government has introduced major construction projects to provide affordable housing to urban residents, and renovated dilapidated rural housing. By 2018, government subsidies had been used to build 70 million housing units in urban areas, 22 million poor people had received public rental subsidies, and 200 million poor people had received help for improving their housing conditions. The state has helped tens of millions of rural households move into proper accommodation, leaving their dilapidated houses built of such materials as beaten earth mixed with straw, adobe, timber and bark. There has been significant improvement in the capacity of rural housing to resist earthquakes and other natural disasters, and in the comfort level. 

Efforts have been made in several areas: 

? improving the living environment in cities and the countryside; 

? carrying out environmental remediation and urban repair; 

? promoting energy-saving architecture and green architecture; 

? renovating existing buildings with energy-saving facilities; 

? furthering domestic sewage treatment and building a system of collecting, transporting and disposing of household garbage in rural areas. 

By 2018, 84 percent of all administrative villages were provided with garbage treatment.

人民出行更加便利快捷。新中國成立初期，國家迅速修復了被破壞的運輸路線，恢復了水陸空交通。1953年至1977年，交通運輸業(yè)全民所有制單位基本建設投資累計完成840億元，先后建設了青藏公路、武漢長江大橋、首都國際機場、京滬鐵路等重大項目，改變了落后閉塞的交通面貌。20世紀90年代后，國家將加快交通運輸發(fā)展作為重要戰(zhàn)略目標，持續(xù)加大投資力度，大力推進綜合運輸體系建設，交通網(wǎng)絡日益完善，運輸能力和運輸效率明顯提升，不斷滿足人民出行需求。截至2018年，全國鐵路營業(yè)里程達13.1萬公里，比1949年增長5倍，其中高速鐵路達2.9萬公里，占世界高鐵總量60%以上，2018年鐵路客運發(fā)送量達33.75億人次，其中動車組列車發(fā)送旅客20.05億人次；全國公路實現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展，總里程達485萬公里，其中高速公路通車里程達14.3萬公里，2018年全國道路營運客運量達136.7億人次，97.1%的建制村通了客車；農(nóng)村地區(qū)有99.9%的戶所在自然村通公路，實現(xiàn)“縣縣通公路”；內(nèi)河航道里程達12.7萬公里；定期航班航線里程達838萬公里，比1950年增長736倍。

More convenient public transport. After 1949, the newly founded PRC took quick action to repair the transport routes damaged in war, and restored transport by water, land and air. From 1953 to 1977, a total investment of RMB84 billion was made in the construction of transport businesses owned by the people. Key projects such as the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Capital International Airport, and Beijing-Shanghai Railway were completed, significantly improving the country's transport links. Since the 1990s China has accelerated construction of transport infrastructure and made it a key strategic goal, and continued to increase investment to build a comprehensive transport system. With an improved transport network, the country's transport capacity and efficiency have seen marked growth, enabling better services to travellers.

By the end of 2018, China's rail network had grown to 131,000 km, up by 500 percent from 1949, and the high-speed rail network had reached 29,000 km, accounting for more than 60 percent of the world's total. In 2018, the number of passengers travelling by rail reached 3.38 billion, 2.01 billion of whom travelled by CRH (China Railways High-speed) trains. China has achieved leapfrog development in its road network, which, by 2018, had reached 4.85 million km in length, including 143,000 km of expressways. In 2018 13.67 billion individual trips were made by road in China, and 97.1 percent of administrative villages had bus services. Every county in China now has road access, and 99.9 percent of villages are connected to the road network. Total inland waterway mileage had reached 127,000 km. The mileage of regular flights had reached 8.38 million km, a 736-fold increase over 1950.

國民健康水平持續(xù)提高。新中國成立前，中國醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生水平很低，廣大農(nóng)村和邊遠地區(qū)缺醫(yī)少藥。70年來，中國政府建立健全醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系，不斷加大公共衛(wèi)生領域投入，提高醫(yī)療科技水平，推進健康中國建設，努力為人民群眾提供全生命周期的衛(wèi)生與健康服務。中國人均預期壽命從新中國成立之初的35歲提高到2018年的77歲，提前完成聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標確定的指標，居民健康水平總體上優(yōu)于高收入國家平均水平。2018年，全國共有衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)99.7萬個，比1949年增長271.78倍；共有衛(wèi)生人員1230萬人，比1949年增長22.73倍。2018年與1949年相比，每千人口衛(wèi)生人員數(shù)由1.00人增長到8.81人，每千人口醫(yī)療機構(gòu)床位數(shù)由0.16張增長到6.03張，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務體系基本建成。國家基本公共衛(wèi)生服務項目持續(xù)推進，2014年5歲以下兒童乙肝病毒感染率降至0.32%以下，2015年適齡兒童國家免疫規(guī)劃疫苗接種率達90%以上。重點傳染病和地方病防治工作取得歷史性成就，2000年實現(xiàn)了無脊髓灰質(zhì)炎目標、基本消除碘缺乏病目標，2007年實現(xiàn)了消除絲蟲病目標，2012年消除了新生兒破傷風。加強癌癥防治工作，近10年間全國總體癌癥的5年生存率由30.9%提高至40.5%。全民健身運動蓬勃發(fā)展，截至2018年，全國體育場地總數(shù)超過315.8萬個，人均體育場地面積超過1.84平方米，超過4億人經(jīng)常參加體育鍛煉。

Better health for the people. Before 1949 China suffered from a very low level of medical and health services, and doctors and medicine were rare resources in the countryside and remote areas. Over the past 70 years, the Chinese government has established a sound medical and health care system, continued to increase financial input for advancing public health and medical technology, and launched the Health China initiative, increasing public access to health services throughout the life cycle. Life expectancy in China rose from 35 in the early 1950s to 77 in 2018, meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of schedule, and the people generally enjoy better health than people in high-income countries. 

In 2018, the number of health service institutions increased to 997,000, a 271.78-fold increase from 1949, with health professionals growing 22.73-fold to 12.3 million. From 1949 to 2018, the number of health professionals per 1,000 people increased from 1 to 8.81, and the number of beds in medical institutions per 1,000 people grew from 0.16 to 6.03. A community-level health service system covering urban and rural areas is in place. 

Basic public health services have improved, with the HBV infection rate among children under five dropping below 0.32 percent in 2014, and the national vaccination coverage among children topping 90 percent in 2015. Historic progress has been made in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases and endemic diseases, eliminating polio and basically eliminating iodine deficiency in 2000, filariasis in 2007, and neonatal tetanus in 2012. The prevention and treatment of cancer has been strengthened. The five-year cancer survival rate in the past decade grew from 30.9 percent to 40.5 percent. 

The national fitness program has thrived. As of 2018, China had more than 3.2 million sports venues (a floor space of 1.84 sq m per capita) across the country, and more than 400 million people took part in regular exercises.

社會救助制度不斷完善。新中國成立之初，各地經(jīng)濟停滯、民生凋敝，災民、貧民、無依無靠的孤老殘幼等城鄉(xiāng)貧困人口眾多。中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府及時開展臨時性、應急性救助，為貧困人口發(fā)放款物，妥善解決了歷史遺留問題。此后，城市的就業(yè)單位和農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)大隊承擔了主要的社會保障功能，國家和集體對五保戶、孤殘人員等特殊困難群體進行救濟。改革開放后，中國進一步建立完善城鄉(xiāng)救濟制度，對特殊困難群體給予救濟。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中國的社會救助形成了以最低生活保障、特困人員救助供養(yǎng)、受災人員救助、醫(yī)療救助、教育救助、住房救助、就業(yè)救助以及臨時救助為主體，以社會力量參與為補充的制度體系。截至2019年3月，城市低保平均標準為每人每月590.6元，農(nóng)村低保平均標準為每人每年4953.1元，所有涉農(nóng)縣市農(nóng)村低保標準全部達到或超過國家扶貧標準；農(nóng)村特困人員基本生活平均標準為每人每年6693元，城市特困人員基本生活平均標準為每人每年9096元。中共十八大以來，截至2019年8月15日，針對各種重特大自然災害共啟動國家救災應急響應157次，累計下?lián)苤醒胴斦匀粸暮ι钛a助資金602.65億元。2013年至2018年，年均緊急轉(zhuǎn)移安置900余萬人次，救助受災群眾7000多萬人次，恢復重建因災倒損民房50余萬間。2018年，共資助7673.9萬困難群眾參加基本醫(yī)療保險，實施住院和門診救助5361萬人次，救助生活無著的流浪乞討人員155萬人次。

Improved social assistance. In the early 1950s, China was in a state of economic stagnation. The people were poor. There was a large number of victims of natural disasters or disability; many were old people or orphans who had no family to turn to. The CPC and the Chinese government carried out emergency assistance, giving money and supplies to the poor and cleaning the mess left by old China. Later, social security was mainly provided by employers in urban areas and production brigades in rural areas, and the state and collectives offered assistance to special groups including orphans, people with disabilities, and rural people eligible for the "Five Guarantees" (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses). Since 1978, the year when reform and opening up was launched, China has further improved its assistance system in both urban and rural areas, and provided relief to groups with special difficulties. Through years of effort, China has formed a social assistance system supplemented by public participation, with subsistence allowances, disaster relief, medical assistance, education assistance, housing assistance, employment assistance, temporary assistance, and assistance and support for people in extreme difficulty. 

As of March 2019, the average subsistence allowance for urban residents was RMB591 per month, and that for rural residents was RMB4,953 per annum. All rural subsistence allowance standards at county (city) level reached or exceeded the national poverty line. People living in extreme difficulty received RMB6,693 per person per annum in rural areas, and RMB9,096 per person per annum in urban areas. From the 18th CPC National Congress to August 15, 2019 China launched 157 national emergency responses in the wake of major natural disasters, issuing a total of RMB60.27 billion as living subsidies for disaster relief from central funds. Between 2013 and 2018, on a yearly basis the government temporarily relocated more than 9 million people affected by disasters, provided relief to more than 70 million people, and restored and rebuilt more than 500,000 damaged houses. In 2018, the government offered subsidies for 76.74 million poor people on subscribing to the basic medical insurance system, medical assistance to 53.61 million inpatients and outpatients, and assistance to 1.55 million homeless persons and beggars.

郵電通信水平全面提升。新中國成立之初，郵路總長度僅為70.6萬公里，長途明線僅為14.6萬對公里。70年來，郵電通信業(yè)規(guī)模不斷擴大，電信基礎設施建設加快推進，信息化網(wǎng)絡化高速發(fā)展，人民通信權(quán)利得到切實保障。截至2018年，全國郵政和快遞營業(yè)網(wǎng)點達27.5萬處，比1949年增長9.6倍；郵路和快遞服務網(wǎng)路總長度達3945萬公里，比1949年增長近55倍；全國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上網(wǎng)人數(shù)達8.29億，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率達59.6%，網(wǎng)民通過手機接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的比例高達98.6%。截至2019年6月，光纜線路總長度達4545萬公里，光纖用戶占比超90%，4G基站數(shù)達444.8萬個，全球最大規(guī)模的固定寬帶網(wǎng)絡和4G網(wǎng)絡基本建成；全國移動電話用戶達15.86億戶，其中移動寬帶用戶（即3G和4G用戶）總數(shù)達13.55億戶，4G用戶規(guī)模為12.3億戶；固定寬帶家庭普及率達91.8%，移動寬帶用戶普及率達97.1%；行政村通光纖比例、通4G比例均超過98%，位居全球先進行列。2019年6月6日，工業(yè)和信息化部發(fā)放了5G商用牌照，正式開啟5G商用。

Improved postal and telecommunications services. At the beginning of the PRC, China had only 706,000 km of postal routes, with 146,000 km of parallel, long-distance open-wire lines. Over the past 70 years, postal and telecommunications services have kept expanding, with quick progress in telecommunications infrastructure. IT applications and the internet have been developing rapidly, and people's right to communication has been fully guaranteed. 

As of 2018, China had 275,000 postal and courier outlets, a 9.6-fold increase over 1949. The total length of postal routes ahd courier service networks reached 39.45 million km, about a 55-fold increase over 1949. Some 829 million people accessed the internet, 59.6 percent of citizens used the internet, and 98.6 percent went online via mobile phone. As of June 2019, the total length of fiber optic cable lines reached 45.45 million km, and 90 percent of internet users were fiber broadband subscribers. With 4.45 million 4G base stations, China has established the world's largest fixed broadband network and 4G network. Of the 1,586 million mobile phone users (3G and 4G users), 1,230 million were 4G users. Fixed broadband networks connected 91.8 percent of all households, and 97.1 percent of the population was using mobile broadband services. More than 98 percent of administrative villages had access to fiber optic cables and 4G services, taking the lead in the world in this regard. On June 6, 2019, with the issuing of the 5G commercial license by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 5G services entered the market.

四、切實保障人民各項權(quán)利

IV. Effectively Ensuring That People Enjoy Their Rights

新中國成立70年來，人民的經(jīng)濟、政治、社會、文化、環(huán)境權(quán)利保障水平不斷提升，各項人權(quán)實現(xiàn)全面發(fā)展。

Over the 70 years since the founding of the PRC, China has continued to improve its protection of the people's economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental rights, and ensured the development of human rights in all respects.

尊重和保障人身權(quán)利和人格尊嚴。人身權(quán)利和人格尊嚴是人權(quán)保障的基本內(nèi)容。70年來，中國始終注重人身權(quán)利和人格權(quán)利的保障。憲法確認了公民人格權(quán)。中共十九大再次強調(diào)保護人民人身權(quán)、財產(chǎn)權(quán)、人格權(quán)，彰顯了保護人格尊嚴、促進人的全面發(fā)展的人文關懷。民法對人格權(quán)作了專門規(guī)定。大力推進戶籍制度改革，放寬戶口遷徙政策限制，促進有能力在城鎮(zhèn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的常住人口有序?qū)崿F(xiàn)市民化。嚴格依法保障住宅不受侵犯、通信自由和信息安全。

Personal rights and dignity are well respected and protected. Personal rights and dignity are the basic components of human rights, so China has consistently attached great importance to protecting such rights over the past 70 years. The Constitution of the PRC states that the personal dignity of citizens of the PRC is inviolable. The 19th CPC National Congress again emphasized the protection of personal rights, property rights and right to dignity, demonstrating the humane view of protecting people's personal dignity and promoting the well-rounded development of the individual person. The Civil Law in particular elaborates the right to dignity. China is now accelerating the reform of the household registration system. It has relaxed restrictions on the change of domicile, enabling eligible permanent residents with stable employment in urban areas to localize their residency. Inviolability of residence, freedom of correspondence and security of information are fully protected by law.

充分保障勞動者各項權(quán)利。新中國成立前，城鎮(zhèn)勞動力多數(shù)處于失業(yè)狀態(tài)。1949年末，全國城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)人員18082萬人，其中城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員僅有1533萬人，城鎮(zhèn)失業(yè)率高達23.6%。70年來，就業(yè)狀況不斷改善。1978年末，就業(yè)人員達到40152萬人。改革開放以來，隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和就業(yè)優(yōu)先政策的實施，就業(yè)總量大幅增加。特別是中共十八大以來，連續(xù)6年實現(xiàn)城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1300萬人以上。2018年，全國就業(yè)人數(shù)增加到77586萬人。城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率長期處于4.1%以內(nèi)的較低水平。勞動者工資支付保障、同工同酬、休息休假、職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生、女性勞動者特別保護、依法參加和組織工會、參與企事業(yè)單位民主管理等各項權(quán)利得到依法保障。各地普遍建立最低工資標準調(diào)整機制和評估機制，保障了勞動者及其贍養(yǎng)人口的基本生活。目前，勞動者每年共享有115日的休息日和節(jié)假日，以及5日至15日的帶薪年休假，還按規(guī)定享受產(chǎn)假、婚喪假、探親假等假期。全國已建立基層工會組織數(shù)由1952年的20.7萬個增加到2018年的273.1萬個，工會會員由1952年的1002.3萬人增加到2018年的2.95億人。

China fully safeguards workers' rights. Before the founding of the PRC, a large part of the urban workforce was unemployed. At the end of 1949 there were 180.82 million people across the country in employment, of whom only 15.33 million worked in urban areas. The urban unemployment rate was 23.6 percent. The employment situation has steadily improved over the past 70 years. By the end of 1978, the year when the policy of reform and opening up was adopted, the employed population had reached 401.52 million. After that, thanks to rapid economic growth and a policy that prioritizes employment, China's employed population expanded rapidly. During the six years from the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 to 2018, over 13 million new jobs were created each year, and the total employed population in 2018 reached 775.86 million. The registered unemployment rate remained at a low level below 4.1 percent for a long period of time. 

The guarantee for remuneration for labor, right to equal pay for equal work, right to rest and leisure, right to occupational safety and health, right to join in and organize a labor union, and right to participate in the democratic management of businesses and public institutions are protected by law, as is women workers' right to special protection. Universal mechanisms to adjust and assess the minimum wage have been established across the country, so as to ensure the basic living conditions of workers and their dependents. At present, each worker is entitled to 115 rest days and public holidays, and 5 to 15 days of paid holidays each year, as well as maternity leave, wedding leave, funeral leave and family reunion leave in line with the regulations. The number of primary-level labor unions rose from 207,000 in 1952 to 2.73 million in 2018 and their members grew from 10 million to 295 million during the same period. 

建立起世界上覆蓋人口最多的社會保障制度。新中國成立之初，社會保障尚屬空白。20世紀50年代至70年代，開始由國家和單位對城鎮(zhèn)職工提供勞保等福利，并由集體對農(nóng)民實行一定保障。改革開放以來，逐步建立了覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的社會保障體系，形成了世界上規(guī)模最大的社會保障安全網(wǎng)，社會保障水平不斷提高。截至2019年3月，全國參加基本養(yǎng)老保險人數(shù)達94118萬人，參加工傷保險人數(shù)達23894萬人，參加失業(yè)保險人數(shù)達19697萬人，參加生育保險人數(shù)超過2億人，包括職工基本醫(yī)療保險、城鄉(xiāng)居民基本醫(yī)療保險在內(nèi)的基本醫(yī)療保險覆蓋超過13億人，基本實現(xiàn)全民醫(yī)保。自2005年起，連續(xù)15年大幅提高企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金水平。城鄉(xiāng)居民基本醫(yī)保人均財政補助標準由2012年的240元提高到2019年的520元。自2016年起，探索建立長期護理保險制度。社會保障領域公共服務能力不斷提高，2016年啟動跨省異地就醫(yī)直接結(jié)算，越來越多群眾享受到直接結(jié)算便利。截至2019年3月，社會保障卡持卡人數(shù)約12.5億人，覆蓋全國89.6%人口。

China has established a social security system that covers the largest population in the world. There was no social security system in China when the PRC was founded. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, the state and employers began providing labor protection and other forms of welfare, and rural collectives provided peasants with a certain level of social security. After launching reform and opening up China gradually set up the world's largest social security system covering people of both rural and urban areas. It has continued to make improvements. By March 2019 basic endowment insurance covered 941 million people, work-related injury insurance 239 million, unemployment insurance 197 million, and birth insurance more than 200 million. The basic medical insurance system, including basic medical insurance for workers and for rural and non-working urban residents, now covers more than 1.3 billion people – almost China's entire population. China has substantially raised the amount of the basic pension of enterprise retirees every year since 2005. Per capita government subsidies for basic medical insurance for rural and non-working urban residents rose from RMB240 in 2012 to RMB520 in 2019. China pioneered a long-term nursing insurance system in 2016. China is improving its capacity to offer social security services. In 2016, it launched a real-time settlement of medical expenses for medical treatment incurred outside the provincial-level administrative area where the patient's medical insurance is registered, and this benefited a growing number of people. By March 2019, there were about 1.25 billion social security card holders, covering 89.6 percent of China's population.

教育普及水平大幅提高。新中國成立之初，教育水平低，人口文化素質(zhì)差，小學凈入學率和初中毛入學率僅分別為20%和3%，高校在校生僅有11.7萬人，全國80%的人口是文盲。新中國高度重視發(fā)展教育事業(yè)，到1978年，學齡兒童入學率達到95.5%；1982年，粗文盲率降至22.8%。改革開放以來，中國大力實施教育優(yōu)先發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，加快推進教育現(xiàn)代化，切實保障公民平等接受教育的權(quán)利。2018年，學前三年毛入園率達81.7%，普惠性幼兒園在園幼兒覆蓋率達73.1%；小學學齡兒童凈入學率達99.95%，初中階段毛入學率達100.9%，九年義務教育鞏固率達94.2%。高中階段教育基本普及，2018年全國高中階段在校生3934.7萬人。高等教育即將跨入普及化發(fā)展階段，2018年全國普通本?？普猩?91萬人，高等教育在學總規(guī)模達3833萬人，毛入學率達48.1%。建成現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育和繼續(xù)教育體系，2018年全國共有1.16萬所職業(yè)學校，中、高職招生達925.9萬人，在校生達2689萬人。

Universal education expands remarkably. In the early days of the PRC, China's education system was poor and the general level of education was low. The net primary education enrolment rate was 20 percent and the gross junior secondary education enrolment rate was only 3 percent. There were only 117,000 college students and 80 percent of the population was illiterate. The new Chinese government paid close attention to the development of education. The enrolment rate of school-age children reached 95.5 percent in 1978, and the overall rate of illiteracy had dropped to 22.8 percent by 1982. Since the launch of reform and opening up, China has invested an enormous effort in implementing the education-first strategy, to modernize education and guarantee equal access to education for all. In 2018 the gross three-year preschool education enrolment rate reached 81.7 percent, and the children enrolled in government-funded and privately-run non-profit kindergartens accounted for 73.1 percent of all kindergarteners. The net primary education enrolment rate was 99.95 percent, the gross junior secondary education enrolment rate was 100.9 percent, and the completion rate of the free nine-year compulsory education was 94.2 percent. Availability of senior secondary education in China is now basically universal. In 2018, senior high schools had a total of 39.35 million students on campus. Higher education is becoming universal. In 2018, with 7.91 million newly enrolled students, there were a total of 38.33 million students studying in colleges and universities, representing a gross college enrolment rate of 48.1 percent. A modern vocational education and continuing education system has been established. In 2018, there were 11,600 vocational schools across China, with a total of 26.89 million students, including 9.26 million newly enrolled. 

公共文化服務更好惠及人民。新中國成立之初，文化事業(yè)極其落后，公共文化服務設施極其短缺，1949年全國只有55個公共圖書館、896個文化館、21個博物館。經(jīng)過70年的持續(xù)努力，社會主義文化事業(yè)全面繁榮，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的公共文化體系逐步建立，公共文化設施逐步實現(xiàn)免費開放，文化產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。截至2018年，全國共有公共圖書館3176個，比1949年增長56.7倍；文化館（群眾藝術(shù)館）3328個、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）文化站41193個、村（社區(qū)）綜合性文化服務中心340560個，每萬人擁有公共圖書館面積和群眾文化設施面積分別為114.4平方米和306.9平方米；博物館總數(shù)達5354家，約每26萬人擁有1座博物館，其中4743家博物館免費開放。2018年，全國廣播、電視節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率分別達98.94%、99.25%；全年出版各類圖書95億冊（張），比1950年增長34倍。公共數(shù)字文化服務能力大幅提升，截至2018年，公共圖書館電子圖書達8.08億冊，計算機22.35萬臺，其中供讀者使用的電子閱覽終端達14.63萬臺；公共數(shù)字文化工程累計建設公共數(shù)字文化資源總量約1200TB。加強科普工作，提升公民科學文化素質(zhì)。

Public cultural services benefit more people. When the PRC was founded in 1949, provision of public cultural services was quite backward, with few public cultural facilities across the whole country – only 55 public libraries, 896 cultural centers, and 21 museums. Thanks to a constant effort over the past 70 years, socialist cultural undertakings in China are flourishing in every respect. A public cultural service system is in place, an increasing number of public cultural facilities are open to the public for free, and the cultural industry is developing rapidly. 

In 2018 China had the following facilities and infrastructure:

? 3,176 public libraries (57.7 times of that in 1949)

? 3,328 cultural centers (art centers)

? 41,193 township (sub-district) cultural stations

? 340,560 community (village) centers

? 11.4 sq m of public library space per 1,000 people

? 30.7 sq m of public cultural facilities per 1,000 people

? 5,354 museums (4,743 open to the public for free) – one museum per 260,000 head of population 

? 98.94 percent of the total population was covered by the broadcasting network

? 99.25 percent had access to television

? 9.5 billion copies of books were published (35 times of that in 1950).

It also had a significant capability to provide digital cultural services through public libraries, including 808 million e-books, 223,500 computers (including 146,300 e-reading terminals), and 1,200 terabytes of public digital cultural resources created through public digital cultural service projects. Work to popularize science has been further intensified to improve the public's understanding and appreciation of science and culture.

人民獲得了真正的民主權(quán)利。中國憲法明確規(guī)定，中華人民共和國的一切權(quán)力屬于人民。人民當家作主，是社會主義民主政治的本質(zhì)和核心。人民行使國家權(quán)力的機關是全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會。堅持選舉實行普遍、平等、直接選舉和間接選舉相結(jié)合以及差額選舉的原則，凡年滿18周歲的中國公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財產(chǎn)狀況、居住期限，除依法被剝奪政治權(quán)利的人外，都有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)。根據(jù)國情和實際不斷完善選舉制度，逐步實現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉人大代表，并保證各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面都有適當數(shù)量的代表。在2016年開始的全國縣鄉(xiāng)兩級人民代表大會換屆選舉中，登記選民10億多人，直接選舉產(chǎn)生近250萬名縣鄉(xiāng)兩級人民代表大會代表。城鄉(xiāng)基層民主有序發(fā)展，以城鄉(xiāng)村（居）民自治為核心，民主選舉、民主協(xié)商、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督為主要內(nèi)容的基層群眾自治制度基本建立并不斷完善。

Chinese people enjoy real democracy. The Constitution clearly provides that all power in the PRC belongs to the people. The essence and the core principle of the socialist democratic political system is that the people are the masters of the country. The NPC and local people's congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. The principles of universality, equality, direct election, indirect election, and competitive election are applied. All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights in accordance with the law. In line with the national conditions and reality, China has improved the election system to gradually ensure that both rural and urban areas have the same proportion of deputies from the represented population in elections of people's congress deputies, and that all regions, ethnic groups, and sectors of society have a certain proportion of deputies. In the elections of deputies to the people's congresses at county and township levels beginning in 2016, more than 1 billion constituents cast votes for nearly 2.5 million deputies. 

Orderly development is seen in community-level democracy. A community-level self-governance system, featuring self-governance by urban and rural residents, and democratic election, consultation, decision-making, management, and supervision, is now in place and continues to improve.

切實保障人民知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、表達權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)。70年來，中國建立健全常態(tài)化的法律草案公開征求意見工作機制，不斷完善政務公開制度體系，拓寬公眾參與立法和重大行政決策的渠道。截至2018年，國家立法機關共有172件法律草案向社會公開征求意見，收到1.5億多人次提出的510多萬條意見。健全依法決策機制，把公眾參與、專家論證、風險評估、合法性審查、集體討論決定確定為重大行政決策法定程序，提高決策科學化、民主化、法治化水平。推動協(xié)商民主廣泛多層制度化發(fā)展，不斷規(guī)范協(xié)商內(nèi)容、協(xié)商程序，拓展協(xié)商民主形式，增加協(xié)商密度，提高協(xié)商成效，以事關經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展全局和涉及群眾切身利益的實際問題為內(nèi)容，開展廣泛協(xié)商。截至2019年3月，全國政協(xié)共收到141807件提案，立案130299件，編刊及轉(zhuǎn)送社情民意信息12096件，大多數(shù)提案的建議得到采納和落實。建立健全信訪制度，國家信訪信息系統(tǒng)聯(lián)通了全國各級信訪機構(gòu)、9萬多個職能部門和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）、41個中央和國家機關部委，建立人民建議征集制度。暢通民意表達渠道，創(chuàng)新群眾監(jiān)督方式，建立便捷高效的網(wǎng)絡表達平臺，公民在網(wǎng)絡上積極建言獻策，表達訴求，有序參與社會管理。堅持和發(fā)展“小事不出村，大事不出鎮(zhèn)，矛盾不上交”的楓橋經(jīng)驗，不斷深化人民調(diào)解、行政調(diào)解、行業(yè)性專業(yè)性調(diào)解、司法調(diào)解銜接聯(lián)動，完善矛盾糾紛多元化解機制，讓群眾及時、就地解決問題。全國人大常委會開展執(zhí)法檢查，人民政協(xié)積極探索和完善民主監(jiān)督機制，就決策執(zhí)行中的問題提出批評和建議。

China protects people's rights to know, to participate, to express, and to supervise. A mechanism through which public opinion is consulted in drafting laws has been set up and improved. Transparency of administrative work of the government is enhanced, and the channels for public participation in legislation and major administrative decision-making are constantly broadening. By 2018 the state legislatures had solicited public opinion on 172 draft laws, receiving 5.1 million comments from 150 million people. 

A mechanism in which decisions are made in accordance with the law has been improved. This takes public participation, expert discussion, risk assessment, review of legality, and group discussion as legal procedures in major administrative decision-making, so as to make decision-making more reasonable, democratic and law-based. Democratic consultation is applied extensively as a mechanism at multiple levels. The content and procedure of consultation are regulated, and the forms, frequency, and effect of consultation are extending and increasing. Extensive consultation is conducted on matters concerning overall economic and social development and related to the vital interests of the people. By March 2019, the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) had received 141,807 proposals and 130,299 of them were placed on file, published and transmitted 12,096 samples of public opinion, and adopted and carried out most of the proposals. 

A public complaints reporting system has been established and improved. The national public complaints information system links public complaints and proposals administrative organs at all levels with more than 90,000 functional departments, town and township governments and sub-district offices, and 41 departments of the CPC and ministries of the central government. A people's proposal soliciting system has been set up. China provides smooth channels through which people express their opinion, offers innovative ways of public supervision, and puts in place convenient and effective online platforms for citizens to offer their views and advice, express their demands, and participate in social management in an orderly manner. 

The Experience of Fengqiao, a town in Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province, is a good example of successful dispute resolution, by which "trivial matters are solved in the villages, major problems are settled in the town, and no conflict are passed on to the higher authorities." This model is being rolled out. People's mediation is closely linked to and synergizes with administrative, industry- and profession-based, and judicial mediation, and a diverse conflict and dispute solving mechanism is being improved, so that people can solve their problems quickly and on the site. The NPC Standing Committee carries out examinations of law enforcement. The CPPCC actively explores and improves the democratic supervision system and offers criticism and suggestions regarding problems arising in implementation of the decisions made by the Party or government.

依法保障宗教信仰自由。中國實行宗教信仰自由政策，堅持從本國國情和宗教實際出發(fā)，保障公民宗教信仰自由權(quán)利，構(gòu)建積極健康的宗教關系，維護宗教和睦與社會和諧。中國政府依照憲法和法律，支持各宗教堅持獨立自主自辦原則，各宗教團體、宗教教職人員和信教公民自主辦理宗教事業(yè)；對涉及國家利益和社會公共利益的宗教事務進行管理，但不干涉宗教內(nèi)部事務。國家對待各宗教一律平等，一視同仁，不以行政力量發(fā)展或禁止某個宗教，任何宗教都不能超越其他宗教在法律上享有特殊地位。中國有佛教、道教、伊斯蘭教、天主教和基督教等宗教信教公民近2億人，宗教教職人員38萬余人，依法登記的宗教活動場所14.4萬處，宗教院校92所。

China protects freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law. China follows policies on freedom of religious belief. Based on the conditions of the country and reality of its religions, China protects citizens' freedom of religious belief, builds active and healthy religious relations, and maintains religious and social harmony. In accordance with the Constitution and the law, the Chinese government supports all religions in upholding the principle of independence and self-management. It also supports religious groups, clerical personnel, and believers in managing their own religious affairs. The government manages religious affairs involving national and public interests but does not interfere in the internal affairs of religions. The state treats all religions fairly and equally, and does not exercise administrative power to encourage or ban any religion. No religion is given preferential treatment over other religions or enjoys special legal privileges. The major religions practiced in China are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestant Christianity, with nearly 200 million believers and more than 380,000 clerical personnel. At present, there are about 144,000 places of worship registered for religious activities and 92 religious schools in China. 

環(huán)境權(quán)利保障日益加強。70年來，隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和工業(yè)化加速推進，中國將環(huán)境保護工作納入各級政府的職能范圍，及時確立了保護環(huán)境的基本國策，建立并不斷完善生態(tài)環(huán)境保護體制機制和法律法規(guī)政策制度體系，提出走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路，大力發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟，不斷加快清潔低碳化進程。特別是中共十八大以來，中國將生態(tài)文明建設納入“五位一體”總體布局，堅持人與自然和諧共生，大力倡導綠色發(fā)展，加強生態(tài)環(huán)境治理，全面打響大氣、水、土壤污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)，實施環(huán)保督察，“綠水青山就是金山銀山”的理念深入人心，生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量持續(xù)改善。2018年，天然氣、水電、核電、風電、太陽能發(fā)電等清潔能源消費量占能源消費總量的比重為22.1%，比1978年提高15.5個百分點；全國338個地級及以上城市可吸入顆粒物（PM10）平均濃度比2013年下降26.8%，首批實施《環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標準》的74個城市細顆粒物（PM2.5）平均濃度比2013年下降42%，二氧化硫平均濃度比2013年下降68%；全國地表水優(yōu)良水質(zhì)斷面比例增至71%，劣Ⅴ類比例降至6.7%。全國生態(tài)保護紅線初步劃定，保護了約95%珍稀瀕危物種及其棲息地，以及約45%全國植被固碳量。

Environmental rights are better protected. Over the past 70 years, with rapid economic growth and industrialization, China has determined environmental protection as a national policy and included it in the functions and work of government. It has set up and continued to improve the mechanisms, policies, and legal system required for environmental protection. It advocates sustainable development, promotes a circular economy, and accelerates the process of clean and low-carbon transformation. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has determined environmental progress as a point of the Five-point Strategy. China advocates green development and harmony between human and nature. It is intensifying environmental governance, addressing the thorniest problems in the fight against air, water and soil contamination, and carrying out strict supervision over environmental protection work. The idea that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets has ingrained into people's minds. Through such efforts, China is rapidly improving the quality of its environment. 

In 2018 clean energy resources, including natural gas, water, nuclear, wind and solar energy, made up 22.1 percent of China's total energy consumption, an increase of 15.5 percentage points over 1978.  Between 2013 and 2018, the average PM10 intensity in 338 cities at and above the prefecture level fell by 26.8 percent, and the average PM2.5 and SO2 intensity in the 74 cities that took the lead in implementing the Ambient Air Quality Standards fell by 42 percent and 68 percent respectively. The proportion of excellent and good quality surface water increased to 71 percent while that of inferior Class V surface water dropped to 6.7 percent. An environmental protection zoning map has been drawn up that covers 95 percent of China's rare and endangered species and their habitats and about 45 percent of carbon sequestration by vegetation.

五、重視保障特定群體權(quán)利

V. Protecting the Rights of Special Groups

新中國成立70年來，中國結(jié)合國情采取有針對性的措施，切實保障少數(shù)民族、婦女、兒童、老年人和殘疾人的合法權(quán)益，使他們能以平等的地位和均等的機會充分參與社會生活，共享物質(zhì)文明和精神文明成果。

Over the 70 years since the founding of the PRC, China has, based on its conditions, adopted targeted measures to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minority groups, women, children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities, ensuring their equal status and giving them the equal opportunity to participate in social life and enjoy the fruits of the country's material and cultural progress.

有效保障少數(shù)民族參與國家事務管理的權(quán)利。55個少數(shù)民族均有本民族的全國人大代表和全國政協(xié)委員，十三屆全國人大代表中，少數(shù)民族代表438名，占14.7%。近年來全國公務員考試錄用少數(shù)民族考生的比例保持在13%以上，高于少數(shù)民族人口占全國人口8.49%的比例。各民族自治地方依法享有廣泛的自治權(quán)，包括政治、經(jīng)濟、教育、科學、文化、衛(wèi)生等各項事業(yè)的自主管理權(quán)。民族自治地方的人民代表大會除享有地方國家權(quán)力機關的權(quán)力外，還有權(quán)依照當?shù)孛褡宓恼巍⒔?jīng)濟和文化特點，制定自治條例和單行條例。155個民族自治地方的人民代表大會常務委員會中，均有實行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔任主任或者副主任；民族自治地方政府的主席、州長、縣長或旗長，均由實行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔任。

China effectively guarantees ethnic minority rights in administering state affairs. All 55 ethnic minority groups have deputies at the NPC and members in the CPPCC National Committee. The 13th NPC has 438 deputies from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total number of deputies. In recent years, among the candidates passing the national civil service admission examination, ethnic minority candidates made up more than 13 percent, higher than the ethnic minority population ratio in the country (8.49 percent). The ethnic autonomous areas enjoy the right of autonomy in a wide range of fields as prescribed by law: politics, economy, education, science and technology, culture and health. In addition to the powers assigned to local authorities, the people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas also have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the ethnic group or ethnic groups in the areas concerned. 

The standing committees of all the people's congresses in the 155 ethnic autonomous areas have members of ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy acting as director or deputy director. The chairpersons of autonomous regions, governors of autonomous prefectures, and heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy of the said areas.

少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟社會實現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展。70年來，國家把支持少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)加快經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展作為國家發(fā)展建設的重要內(nèi)容，通過實施西部大開發(fā)、興邊富民行動、扶持人口較少民族、少數(shù)民族特色村鎮(zhèn)保護與發(fā)展、對口支援以及制定少數(shù)民族事業(yè)專項規(guī)劃等戰(zhàn)略舉措，加大投入力度，堅決打贏民族地區(qū)脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)，有力地促進了少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展。2018年，內(nèi)蒙古、廣西、西藏、寧夏、新疆5個自治區(qū)和云南、貴州、青海3個省的地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值達90576億元，同比增長7.2%，高于全國0.6個百分點；貧困人口減少到603萬，貧困發(fā)生率下降到4.0%。民族地區(qū)基礎設施、公共服務和百姓生活日新月異。

The ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas have leapfrogged in social and economic development. Over the last 70 years, the state has treated the social and economic development of ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas as an important element of national development. Through a series of strategic measures such as large-scale development of western China, actions to enrich border areas and their residents, efforts to develop smaller ethnic groups, efforts to preserve and promote ethnic minority style villages and towns, paired-up assistance, and special planning for ethnic minority undertakings, the Chinese government has increased its investment in the fight against poverty in ethnic minority areas, which has given a significant boost to local social and economic development. The total GDP of the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Qinghai where there are a large number of ethnic minorities reached RMB9.06 trillion in 2018, an increase of 7.2 percent over 2017, which was 0.6 percentage point higher than the national average. The impoverished population in these regions dropped to 6.03 million, with the incidence of poverty reduced to 4 percent. Infrastructure, public services, and living conditions in ethnic minority areas are seeing rapid progress. 

少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)教育事業(yè)快速發(fā)展。中國通過發(fā)展各級各類民族學校，舉辦內(nèi)地預科班、民族班，對少數(shù)民族考生升學予以照顧，在廣大農(nóng)牧區(qū)推行寄宿制教育，著力辦好民族地區(qū)高等教育等舉措，促進教育公平，保障少數(shù)民族受教育權(quán)利。目前，民族地區(qū)已全面普及從小學到初中9年義務教育，西藏自治區(qū)、新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的南疆地區(qū)等實現(xiàn)了從學前到高中階段15年免費教育。2018年，新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)學前三年毛入園率已達到96.86%，小學凈入學率達到99.94%。

Education for ethnic minorities and in ethnic minority areas has developed rapidly. China has adopted a series of measures to improve educational equality and ensure ethnic minorities' right to education. These measures include: opening schools for students from ethnic minority groups, opening preparatory courses and special classes for ethnic minorities at colleges and schools in other provinces and municipalities, giving preferential treatment to students from ethnic minority groups when they take exams to enter higher levels of education, running residential schools in farming and pastoral areas, and prioritizing ethnic minority areas in higher education development. Nine-year compulsory education (elementary and junior high schools) is universal in ethnic minority areas. In Tibet Autonomous Region and south Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, students are exempt from charges for education for a total of 15 years from preschool to senior high school. In Xinjiang in 2018, the gross preschool education enrolment rate reached 96.86 percent and the net primary education enrolment rate was 99.94 percent.

少數(shù)民族使用和發(fā)展本民族語言文字的自由得到保障。在中國，除回族和滿族通用漢語文外，其他53個少數(shù)民族都有本民族語言，有22個少數(shù)民族共使用28種文字。國家依法保障少數(shù)民族語言文字在行政司法、新聞出版、廣播影視、文化教育等各領域的合法使用。建設中國少數(shù)民族瀕危語言數(shù)據(jù)庫，設立并實施“中國語言資源保護工程”。截至2019年3月，民族自治地方共設置廣播電臺、電視臺、廣播電視臺等播出機構(gòu)714個。全國各級播出機構(gòu)共開辦民族語電視頻道46套，民族語廣播56套。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)使用漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古、錫伯6種語言文字出版報紙、圖書、音像制品和電子出版物，使用多語言、多文種播送電視和廣播節(jié)目等。國家在民族地區(qū)實施雙語教育，基本建立起從學前到高中階段的雙語教育體系。截至2018年，少數(shù)民族雙語教育的中小學共6521所，接受雙語教育的在校生309.3萬人，雙語教育的專任教師20.6萬人。

The freedom of ethnic minorities to use and develop their own spoken and written languages is fully protected. In China, with the exception of the Hui and Manchu peoples who generally use Han Chinese, the other 53 ethnic minorities have their own spoken languages, and 22 groups use a total of 28 written scripts. The state protects by law the legitimate use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in the areas of administration and judicature, press and publishing, radio, film and television, and culture and education. It has established a database for the endangered languages of ethnic minority groups, and initiated the Program for Protecting China's Language Resources. As of March 2019, there were 714 radio and television stations in ethnic autonomous areas. The broadcasting stations across the country run 46 television channels and 56 radio programs in ethnic minority languages. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region publishes newspapers, books, audios, videos, and electronic publications in Han Chinese, Uygur, Kazakh, Kyrghyz, Mongolian and Xibo languages, and uses various spoken and written languages in radio and television programs. The state provides bilingual education in ethnic minority areas, forming a basic bilingual education system that extends from preschool to senior high school. In 2018, there were 6,521 primary and middle schools catering to ethnic minority students in China, giving courses in both Han Chinese and ethnic minority languages, with 206,000 full-time teachers teaching such courses to 3.09 million students.

少數(shù)民族文化遺產(chǎn)、文物古跡得到有效保護。少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)文化是中華文化的重要組成部分，是中國各族人民的共同精神財富。中國政府制定相關法律，設立專門機構(gòu)，加大資金投入，推動少數(shù)民族文化傳承發(fā)展。拉薩布達拉宮歷史建筑群、麗江古城、元上都遺址、紅河哈尼梯田文化景觀、土司遺址等被列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。中國列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄（名冊）的項目中有21項與少數(shù)民族相關；中國前四批共計1372項國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄中，與少數(shù)民族相關的有492項，占36%；在五批3068名國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項目代表性傳承人中，少數(shù)民族傳承人有862名，約占28%；設立21個國家級文化生態(tài)保護實驗區(qū)，其中有11個位于民族地區(qū)；25個?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）已建立民族古籍整理與研究機構(gòu)。截至2018年，搶救、整理的散藏民間的少數(shù)民族古籍約百萬種（不含館藏及寺院藏書），包括很多珍貴的孤本和善本。組織實施《中國少數(shù)民族古籍總目提要》編纂工程，共收書目約30萬種。

Cultural heritage and relics of ethnic minorities are effectively protected. Traditional ethnic minority cultures are important components of Chinese culture, and the common cultural wealth of the whole nation. The Chinese government has promulgated laws, established specialized government bodies, and increased spending to inherit, pass on, and develop the cultures of ethnic minority groups. The Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace of Lhasa, Old Town of Lijiang, Site of Xanadu, Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, and Tusi Sites are all included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Of all the cultural items from China included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List, 21 are related to ethnic minorities. At national level, 492 (36 percent) of the 1,372 cultural items included to date in China's intangible cultural heritage list are related to ethnic minorities. Of the 3,068 representative trustees of China's intangible cultural heritage, 862 (28 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. China has set up 21 national-level cultural preservation experimental areas, 11 of which are located in ethnic minority areas. Twenty-five provinces and equivalent administrative units have institutions that catalogue and study ancient classics and recordings of ethnic minorities. By 2018, about one million privately-held ethnic minority ancient classics and recordings (excluding books collected in museums and temples), including many rare editions, some of which only had a single extant copy, had been rescued and catalogued. China has launched the compilation of Collection of Ancient Classics and Recordings of Chinese Ethnic Minorities, including about 300,000 books.

少數(shù)民族宗教信仰自由得到保障。少數(shù)民族正常的宗教活動和宗教信仰依法受到保護，正常宗教需求得到滿足。以多種語言文字翻譯出版發(fā)行伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍。西藏自治區(qū)有藏傳佛教活動場所1787處，住寺僧尼4.6萬多人。頒布《藏傳佛教活佛轉(zhuǎn)世管理辦法》，活佛轉(zhuǎn)世制度作為藏傳佛教所特有的信仰和傳承方式，得到國家和西藏自治區(qū)各級政府的尊重。西藏自治區(qū)現(xiàn)有活佛358名，其中91位新轉(zhuǎn)世活佛按歷史定制和宗教儀軌得到批準認定。不斷完善藏傳佛教僧人學經(jīng)制度，國家頒布了《藏傳佛教學銜授予辦法（試行）》，截至2018年，西藏自治區(qū)已有117名學經(jīng)僧人獲得了格西“拉讓巴”學位，68名僧人獲得了中國藏語系高級佛學院“拓然巴”高級學銜。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)有清真寺、教堂、寺院、道觀等宗教活動場所2.48萬座，其中清真寺有2.44萬多座，教職人員2.93萬人，學生可在伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學院接受本科教育，《古蘭經(jīng)》《布哈里圣訓實錄精華》等出版發(fā)行達176萬余冊。實行有組織、有計劃的朝覲政策，加強服務保障，確保朝覲活動安全有序。

Religious freedoms of ethnic minority groups are protected. Normal religious activities and religious beliefs of ethnic minorities are protected by law, and their normal religious needs are satisfied. China has published translations of the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and other religions in multiple languages. Tibet Autonomous Region has 1,787 venues for practicing Tibetan Buddhism, and over 46,000 resident monks and nuns. The state has issued the Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism. The Living Buddha reincarnation is a succession system unique to Tibetan Buddhism, and is respected by the state and governments at different levels of the autonomous region. Tibet now has 358 Living Buddhas, 91 of whom have been approved and confirmed through historical conventions and traditional religious rituals. The system whereby Tibetan Buddhist monks study sutras has been improved. The state has issued the Measures on the Conferment of Academic Titles in Tibetan Buddhism (Trial). By 2018 a total of 117 monks from Tibet had received senior academic titles in Lhasa and 68 from the High-level Tibetan Buddhism College of China, Beijing. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 24,800 venues for practicing religious activities, including 24,400 mosques, and 29,300 clerical personnel. Students can receive undergraduate education in Xinjiang Islamic Institute. More than 1.76 million copies of the Quran and Selections from Sahih of al-Buhari have been distributed. The hajj is well planned, organized and conducted to ensure a safe and orderly pilgrimage.

婦女兒童保護力度持續(xù)加強。婦女權(quán)益保障法、未成年人保護法奠定了保障婦女兒童權(quán)益的法律基礎。中國政府先后制定實施了三個中國婦女發(fā)展綱要和三個中國兒童發(fā)展綱要，積極倡導并切實實現(xiàn)男女平等，加強兒童權(quán)利保護。不斷加大女職工勞動就業(yè)、勞動保護、生育保障等權(quán)益的保護力度。有力懲處性侵、虐待未成年人、拐賣婦女兒童等犯罪行為，推動落實性違法犯罪人員從業(yè)禁止、校園性侵強制報告等制度。頒布實施反家庭暴力法，通過強制報告、公安告誡、人身安全保護令、緊急庇護等制度的實施，保障包括婦女在內(nèi)的家庭成員的合法權(quán)益。維護校園安全，整治校園暴力和學生欺凌行為。強化留守兒童父母或受委托監(jiān)護人的監(jiān)護主體責任，嚴厲打擊侵害農(nóng)村留守兒童的違法犯罪活動。充分運用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等先進科技手段解救被拐賣兒童，建立打拐DNA信息庫，推出公安部兒童失蹤信息緊急發(fā)布平臺，建立失蹤兒童快速救助聯(lián)動機制。

The protection of women and children is improving. The Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests and the Law on the Protection of Minors lay the legal foundations in this area. The Chinese government has enacted three guidelines on women's development and three on children's development, advocating and ensuring gender equality and strengthening the protection of children's rights. It works harder to protect the rights and interests of women employees, such as the right to work and to safety at work, and maternity benefits. It forcefully punishes sexual assaults on and maltreatment of minors, and trafficking of women and children. It promotes mechanisms preventing sexual criminals from engaging in restricted occupations, and compulsory reporting of campus sexual assaults. The state has promulgated the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, which protects the legal rights and interests of woman and other family members through compulsory reporting, admonition from public security organs, personal protection order, emergency protection and other measures. The government makes every effort to ensure school safety, punishing school violence and bullying. It intensifies supervision over the duties of the parents or other entrusted guardians of left-behind children whose parents work in other places and takes strict action on any crimes against this group of children. China makes full use of advanced technologies like the internet to rescue abducted children. It has established a DNA bank for abducted children, set up a missing children information release platform managed by the Ministry of Public Security, and activated a joint urgent rescue mechanism for missing children.

婦女兒童健康權(quán)益保障水平不斷提高。新中國成立前，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率高達1500/10萬，嬰兒死亡率高達200‰，婦女的平均預期壽命僅有36.7歲。新中國成立后，婦女兒童健康水平不斷提高，2015年婦女平均預期壽命達79.43歲；2018年孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率下降到18.3/10萬，嬰兒死亡率下降到6.1‰。2012年起，實施貧困地區(qū)兒童營養(yǎng)改善項目，改善貧困地區(qū)兒童營養(yǎng)健康狀況，截至2018年，項目覆蓋21個?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）14個國家集中連片特殊困難地區(qū)715個貧困縣，共有722萬兒童受益。實施婦女宮頸癌和乳腺癌免費檢查項目，將宮頸癌和乳腺癌納入國家大病救治范圍，截至2018年，累計開展宮頸癌免費檢查近1億人次，乳腺癌免費檢查超過3000萬人次。按照每人救助1萬元的標準，累計發(fā)放中央專項彩票公益金和籌集的社會資金13億多元，救助貧困患病婦女13.22萬名。增加農(nóng)村和邊遠地區(qū)婦幼衛(wèi)生經(jīng)費投入，實施農(nóng)村孕產(chǎn)婦住院分娩補助項目，累計補助7400余萬人。實施“母親水窖”供水工程和“母親健康快車”醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生健康項目，著力解決西部干旱地區(qū)婦女安全飲水及貧困地區(qū)婦女兒童健康服務等問題。

The protection of women and children's right to health is improving. Before the founding of the PRC in 1949, the maternal and perinatal mortality rate was over 1,500 per 100,000, the infant mortality rate was 200 per 1,000, and the anticipated life expectancy of women was only 36.7 years. After 1949, the situation improved considerably. The anticipated life expectancy of women in 2015 rose to 79.43 years. In 2018 the maternal and perinatal mortality rate dropped to 18.3 per 100,000, and the infant mortality rate fell to 6.1 per 1,000. Nutritional improvement projects for children in impoverished areas were launched in 2012, benefiting 7.22 million children from 715 impoverished counties in 14 national contiguous impoverished regions of 21 provinces and equivalent administrative units. The government has launched a program of free cervical and breast cancer checkups for women, and brought the two into the scope of national subsidies for serious illnesses. By 2018 China had provided free cervical cancer checkups for 100 million and free breast cancer checkups for 30 million, and subsidized 132,200 impoverished rural women with diseases using over RMB1.3 billion collected through public welfare lotteries and social funds, to the sum of RMB10,000 each person. It has increased the investment for health care of women and children in rural, remote or border areas, and has subsidized more than 74 million rural women for their expenses of hospitalization during childbirth. The government has initiated the "Water Cellar for Mothers" program to provide reliable sources of drinking water for people, especially women, in the western regions of China, and the "Health Express for Mothers" program to provide medical and health services to the women and children in impoverished areas.

切實保障婦女參與公共事務管理和經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的權(quán)利。保障婦女參政議政權(quán)，十三屆全國人大代表中有742名女性，占比24.9%，比1954年第一屆全國人大女性代表占比提高12.9個百分點；十三屆全國政協(xié)委員中有440名女性，占比20.4%，比1949年第一屆全國政協(xié)女性委員占比提高14.3個百分點。20世紀90年代以來，歷次黨代會報告都明確要求重視培養(yǎng)選拔女干部。1950年全國干部隊伍中女干部人數(shù)為6.5萬人；2018年全國公務員中女干部人數(shù)為192.8萬人，占比26.8%。

Women's rights to participation in the administration of public affairs and social and economic development are protected. Women are guaranteed the right to participate in the administration and deliberation of state affairs. The 13th NPC has 742 female deputies, accounting for 24.9 percent of the total, 12.9 percentage points higher than the figure for the First NPC in 1954. And the 13th CPPCC National Committee has 440 female members, making up 20.4 percent of the total, 14.3 percentage points higher than that for the First CPPCC National Committee in 1949. Since the 1990s, every CPC National Congress has attached importance to training and selecting female officials. The number of female civil servants was 65,000 in 1950; this figure had increased to 1.93 million, or 26.8 percent of all civil servants, by 2018. 

老年人權(quán)益保障機制逐步健全。中國發(fā)展老齡事業(yè)，在全社會弘揚中華民族敬老、養(yǎng)老、助老的美德。截至2018年，中國60周歲及以上老年人口24949萬人，占總?cè)丝诘?7.9%。制定并修訂老年人權(quán)益保障法，建立養(yǎng)老法規(guī)政策體系。養(yǎng)老服務逐步從以機構(gòu)集中照料為主，拓展到以居家為基礎、社區(qū)為依托、機構(gòu)為補充、醫(yī)養(yǎng)相結(jié)合的養(yǎng)老服務體系建設和以家庭養(yǎng)老支持、互助養(yǎng)老為新突破點的融合發(fā)展。全國各類養(yǎng)老服務機構(gòu)和設施從1978年的7000個增長到2019年3月的16.81萬個，各類養(yǎng)老服務床位合計732萬張。2018年，2972.3萬老年人享受高齡補貼，74.8萬老年人享受護理補貼，521.7萬老年人享受養(yǎng)老服務補貼，3.0萬老年人享受其他老齡補貼。

The mechanism for protecting the rights and interests of the elderly is improving. China works to ensure the interests of the elderly, and advocates the virtues of respecting, providing for and assisting the elderly. In 2018, some 249 million Chinese were aged 60 or above, accounting for 17.9 percent of the total population. China formulated and amended the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, forming a legal and policy framework for old-age care.

Many of China's elderly were cared for in nursing homes previously. Now, a new system for the elderly is taking shape, where the elderly are provided with home care, taken care of by community and supported by social services, featuring a combination of nursing at home and mutual help. In March 2019, China had 168,100 institutions and facilities with 7.32 million beds to provide old-age services, in contrast with just 7,000 in 1978. In 2018, 29.72 million senior citizens received advanced age subsidies, 748,000 nursing subsidies, 5.2 million old-age service subsidies, and 30,000 other old-age subsidies.

殘疾人社會保障體系不斷完善。全面建立困難殘疾人生活補貼和重度殘疾人護理補貼制度，2018年，受益殘疾人超過2100萬人次。截至2018年，2561.2萬城鄉(xiāng)殘疾人參加城鄉(xiāng)社會養(yǎng)老保險，1024.4萬殘疾人領取養(yǎng)老金，924.8萬殘疾人享受城鄉(xiāng)最低生活保障；595.2萬重度殘疾人中有576萬人得到政府參保補助，代繳養(yǎng)老保險費比例達到96.8%；另有298.4萬非重度殘疾人享受全額或部分代繳養(yǎng)老保險費的優(yōu)惠政策。

The social security system for persons with disabilities is improving. China has established a subsidy system to provide for the living expenses of disabled persons in need and to pay the nursing costs of persons with severe disabilities. In 2018, this system benefitted over 21 million. A total of 25.61 million persons with disabilities were covered in old-age insurance schemes in both urban and rural areas, with 10.24 million receiving old-age pensions, and 9.25 million people with disabilities received urban or rural minimum living subsidies. And 5.76 million (96.8 percent) out of the 5.95 million people with severe disabilities received insurance subsidies from the government, which paid for their premiums. The government also paid fully or partly for premiums for another 2.98 million people with mild or moderate disabilities.

殘疾人康復服務普惠可及。全面開展殘疾預防，不斷加強康復服務，努力實現(xiàn)殘疾人“人人享有康復服務”的目標。實施《殘疾預防和殘疾人康復條例》，殘疾人康復機構(gòu)從無到有，專業(yè)隊伍逐漸壯大，服務能力日益提高。截至2018年，已竣工的省、市、縣三級康復設施914個，總建筑面積344.9萬平方米；殘疾人專業(yè)康復服務機構(gòu)9036個，在崗人員25萬人，2750個縣（市、區(qū)）開展社區(qū)康復服務。建立殘疾兒童康復救助制度。2018年，殘疾人康復服務覆蓋率達到79.8%，1074.7萬殘疾兒童及持證殘疾人得到基本康復服務。

Rehabilitation is universally available to persons with disabilities. China makes concerted efforts in preventing disability, and works hard to improve rehabilitation services, in pursuit of the goal that "everyone in need has access to rehabilitation services". The government has enacted the Regulations on the Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities, built up rehabilitation centers and fostered professionals capable of delivering consistent quality services. In 2018, there were 914 rehabilitation facilities at the provincial, city and county levels, and 9,036 rehabilitation service centers for persons with disabilities employed a team of 250,000 workers, and community rehabilitation services were provided in 2,750 counties (cities or districts). An assistance mechanism for providing rehabilitation services to children with disabilities has been established. In 2018, 79.8 percent of persons with disabilities were covered by rehabilitation services. Some 10.75 million disabled children and persons with certified disabilities received basic rehabilitation services.

促進殘疾人工作權(quán)利實現(xiàn)。建立專門的殘疾人就業(yè)服務機構(gòu)，截至2018年，共有殘疾人就業(yè)服務機構(gòu)2787家，工作人員1.5萬人。實施殘疾人職業(yè)技能提升計劃，建立了500家國家級殘疾人職業(yè)培訓基地，350家省級殘疾人職業(yè)培訓基地，2018年城鄉(xiāng)新增殘疾人實名制培訓49.4萬人。近年來，殘疾人就業(yè)總體規(guī)模與結(jié)構(gòu)趨于穩(wěn)定，新增殘疾人就業(yè)人數(shù)每年保持在30萬人以上。2018年，城鄉(xiāng)持證殘疾人新增就業(yè)36.7萬人，其中，城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)11.8萬人，農(nóng)村新增就業(yè)24.9萬人。截至2018年，城鄉(xiāng)持證殘疾人就業(yè)人數(shù)達到948.4萬人。

The right to employment of persons with disabilities is guaranteed. China has established offices to serve persons with disabilities seeking employment. In 2018, there were 2,787 such offices with a staff of 15,000. The government has launched a program on employment skills training for persons with disabilities, setting up 500 national-level and 350 provincial-level vocational training bases. In 2018, another 494,000 persons with disabilities took part in training sessions. In recent years the number and the profile of disabled persons in employment have remained stable, with over 300,000 entering the workforce each year. In 2018, 367,000 persons with certified disabilities found jobs, of whom 118,000 were from urban areas and 249,000 from rural areas. That year, 9.48 million persons with certified disabilities were employed in urban and rural areas.

大力支持無障礙環(huán)境建設與輔助器具服務。實施《無障礙環(huán)境建設條例》，開展無障礙建設的市、縣達到1702個，村（社區(qū)）綜合服務設施中已有75%的出入口、40%的服務柜臺、30%的廁所進行了無障礙建設和改造。2016年至2018年，共有298.6萬戶殘疾人家庭得到無障礙改造。推進信息無障礙建設，截至2018年，500多家政府單位完成了信息無障礙公共服務平臺建設，3萬多個政務和公共服務網(wǎng)站實現(xiàn)了無障礙服務。各地相繼制定輔助器具補貼辦法，對購買輔助器具和提供適配服務給予補貼。2018年，有319.1萬殘疾人獲得盲杖、助視器、假肢等各類輔具適配服務。不斷放寬殘疾人申領駕駛證條件，已有27.9萬肢體、聽力等殘障人員申領駕駛證，殘疾人個人行動和社會參與能力得到提升。

China gives strong support to creating an accessible environment and providing assistive appliances. The Chinese government enacted the Regulations on the Building of an Accessible Environment in 2012. To this end, 1,702 cities and counties are making efforts to improve accessibility and remove barriers, and among comprehensive service facilities in villages or communities across the country, 75 percent of entrances and exits, 40 percent of service counters, and 30 percent of restrooms have been equipped or upgraded for accessibility. Between 2016 and 2018, the government helped almost 3 million families with disabled members adapt their homes. 

The government is also promoting information accessibility. By 2018, over 500 government departments had built accessible public service platforms, and more than 30,000 websites on government affairs and public services had removed barriers for persons with disabilities. 

Local governments have formulated subsidy measures and subsidized those who purchase or supply assistive appliances and adaption services. In 2018, 3.19 million persons with disabilities benefited from adaption services for assistive devices such as white canes, visual aids and artificial limbs. 

The government has relaxed the restrictions preventing persons with disabilities from applying for a driving license, and 279,000 people with physical or hearing disabilities have gained driving licenses, which grants them further mobility and improves their ability to participate in social life. 

六、不斷加強人權(quán)法治保障

VI. Strengthening the Rule of Law for Human Rights

新中國創(chuàng)立了社會主義法治，以法治保障人權(quán)。70年來，中國構(gòu)建起較為完備的人權(quán)法律保障體系，堅持依法治國、依法執(zhí)政、依法行政共同推進，堅持法治國家、法治政府、法治社會一體建設，實現(xiàn)科學立法、嚴格執(zhí)法、公正司法、全民守法，不斷促進社會公平正義。

After the founding of the PRC, socialist rule of law was established in China to protect human rights by law. Over the past 70 years, China has established a relatively complete legal system to protect human rights. It upholds law-based governance, law-based exercise of power, and law-based government administration, and adopts a holistic approach to promote the rule of law across the nation, in government, and throughout society. To promote social fairness and justice, it has endeavored to ensure that a well-conceived approach is taken to legislation, that the law is strictly enforced, that justice is impartially administered, and that the law is observed by everyone.

建設有限政府、責任政府、服務政府。依法確定行政權(quán)力界限，確立法無授權(quán)不可為的原則，實施權(quán)力清單、責任清單制度，禁止法外設權(quán)、違法用權(quán)。持續(xù)深化“放管服”改革，加快轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能，努力降低群眾和企業(yè)與政府打交道的成本。建立完善嚴格的行政執(zhí)法程序，確立行政裁量權(quán)基準制度，統(tǒng)一執(zhí)法標準，壓縮自由裁量空間，維護行政相對人的合法權(quán)益。深化執(zhí)法公開，拓展公開范圍，整合公開載體，強化網(wǎng)上政務公開，方便群眾獲取信息。25個?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）建立省級執(zhí)法公開平臺，實現(xiàn)了執(zhí)法辦案進度和結(jié)果的信息查詢服務；22個?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）實現(xiàn)了行政處罰決定文書網(wǎng)上公開；17個?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）實現(xiàn)了行政復議決定文書網(wǎng)上公開。強化執(zhí)法監(jiān)督，建立完善以執(zhí)法考評為主要內(nèi)容的績效考核體系，深化執(zhí)法信息化建設，實現(xiàn)案件流程信息化管理和同步記錄，加強對執(zhí)法活動的實時監(jiān)督。

Building a service-oriented government with limited powers and clear responsibilities. The state delimits administrative power in accordance with the law. China has established a principle under which administrative bodies should not take any action that is not mandated by law. It has introduced a list of well-defined government powers and a list of responsibilities, and prohibited any power not provided for by law, or any illegal use of power. In its effort to improve governance, China has accelerated the transformation of government functions, streamlining administration and delegating power to the lower levels, exercising better supervision over the market, and providing efficient services to business. The people and businesses are thus provided with better services. China has established strict procedures for administrative law enforcement and a system of benchmarks for administrative discretion, with unified standards in law enforcement and rigorous discretionary rules, to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the people and businesses. To make law enforcement more transparent, China has expanded the scope and channels of disclosure, and opened online portals for the public to obtain information. Twenty-five provinces and equivalent administrative units have online platforms providing information on law enforcement and on the progress and results of cases in process. Twenty-two provinces and equivalent administrative units disclose written judgments online, and 17 provinces and equivalent administrative units disclose administrative review decisions online. To strengthen the supervision of law enforcement, China has established a performance appraisal system with a focus on law enforcement, promoted IT application in law enforcement and the management and synchronized recording of case-handling procedures, and strengthened real-time supervision over law enforcement activities.

確保審判權(quán)檢察權(quán)依法獨立公正行使。發(fā)布五個“人民法院五年改革綱要”和“人民檢察院改革規(guī)劃”。全面實施立案登記制，有訴必理，保障當事人訴權(quán)。實行以法官檢察官員額制為核心的司法人員分類管理制度改革，推進司法職業(yè)保障制度改革，司法人員正規(guī)化、專業(yè)化、職業(yè)化水平進一步提升。全面落實司法責任制，真正做到“誰辦案、誰負責”。貫徹寬嚴相濟刑事政策，進一步完善刑事訴訟程序，推動認罪認罰從寬制度改革，完善刑事案件速裁程序運行機制，深化案件繁簡分流，構(gòu)建中國特色立體化、多層次刑事訴訟體系。在有條件的地方實行省級以下地方法院、檢察院人財物統(tǒng)一管理，探索設立跨行政區(qū)劃的人民法院和人民檢察院，最高人民法院設立六個巡回法庭，設立知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法院、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)法院、金融法院等。加強對公共利益的司法保護，建立檢察機關提起公益訴訟制度，截至2019年3月，全國檢察機關共辦理公益訴訟案件157095件。

Ensuring independent and impartial exercise of judicial and procuratorial powers. China has issued five outlines for five-year reform of the people's courts and five plans on reform of the people's procuratorates. To protect citizen's right of action, it has implemented a case docketing and registration system across the board, which ensures that every case application receives a response. China has reformed the management of judicial personnel, adopted a quota system for judges and procurators, and initiated job security reform for judicial personnel, enabling them to be more regularized and professional. It has fully implemented a judicial responsibility system to ensure that those who have handled a case assume full responsibility for it. The judiciary has combined punishment and clemency in handling criminal cases, further improved criminal proceedings, and introduced reforms on showing clemency to suspects and defendants who cooperate fully. It has improved the fast-track sentencing procedure for criminal cases, further separated the handling of simple and complex cases, and formed a multi-layer criminal litigation system with Chinese characteristics. Where conditions permit, local courts and procuratorates under the provincial level have carried out unified management of personnel, funds and property. China is exploring setting up people's courts and people's procuratorates across administrative boundaries. The Supreme People's Court now has six circuit courts, and there are also courts that handle intellectual property and financial cases, and online courts. The state has strengthened the protection of public interest, and public interest lawsuits are filed by procuratorial organs. By March 2019, 157,095 cases of public interest had been handled by procuratorial organs.

深化司法公開。全面推進陽光司法，不斷加強審判流程、庭審活動、裁判文書、執(zhí)行信息司法公開平臺和人民檢察院案件信息公開平臺建設。截至2019年2月，中國審判流程信息公開網(wǎng)公開案件信息3.7億項，中國庭審公開網(wǎng)直播庭審259萬件，中國裁判文書網(wǎng)公開文書6382萬份，訪問量226億次。人民檢察院案件信息公開網(wǎng)自2014年10月1日開通以來，公開案件程序性信息928萬余件，發(fā)布重要案件信息58萬余條，公開法律文書386萬余份，接受辯護與代理網(wǎng)上預約30萬余人次。加強對司法活動的監(jiān)督，深化刑事訴訟監(jiān)督，加強民事行政訴訟監(jiān)督，不斷完善人民陪審員和人民監(jiān)督員制度。

Improving judicial openness. To increase judicial transparency, China has improved the platforms for releasing information on judicial process, trials, written judgments, and the execution of judgments, and the platform on disclosing information on cases handled by people's procuratorates. As of February 2019, China Judicial Process Information Online had disclosed information on 370 million cases, the National Court Hearing Online had broadcast 2.59 million court trials, and China Judgements Online had disclosed 63.82 million copies of judgments, attracting a total of 2.26 billion visits. Since its launch on October 1, 2014, the online information disclosure service of the procuratorates has disclosed information on the proceedings of 9.28 million cases and 580,000 items of information on major cases, put online 3.86 million legal documents, and booked 300,000 defense and litigation applications online. China has strengthened supervision over judicial activities, criminal proceedings, and civil administrative proceedings, and improved the system of people's jurors and supervisors.

保障當事人獲得公正審判的權(quán)利。推進以審判為中心的刑事訴訟制度改革，嚴格貫徹罪刑法定、證據(jù)裁判、非法證據(jù)排除等法律原則，完善出庭作證機制，強化庭審功能。充分保障犯罪嫌疑人和被告人的辯護權(quán)，犯罪嫌疑人自被偵查機關第一次訊問或者被采取強制措施之日起，有權(quán)委托辯護人，被告人有權(quán)隨時委托辯護人；開展法律援助值班律師和刑事案件律師辯護全覆蓋試點工作，實現(xiàn)法院、看守所法律援助工作站全覆蓋，努力保障所有刑事案件被告人在審判階段都能獲得律師辯護和幫助；保障辯護律師會見、閱卷、調(diào)查取證、質(zhì)證和辯論辯護等各項訴訟權(quán)利；完善保障律師依法履職機制，建立健全維護律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利快速聯(lián)動處置機制；開通律師服務平臺，為律師辦案提供便利。堅持疑罪從無，防范和糾正冤假錯案。2013年至2019年3月，各級人民法院依法對5876名被告人宣告無罪，確保無罪的人不受刑事追究；再審改判刑事案件8568件，其中依法糾正呼格吉勒圖案、聶樹斌案、“五周案”等重大冤錯案件49件，并依法予以國家賠償。嚴格控制并慎用死刑，大幅減少適用死刑的罪名。2007年，最高人民法院收回死刑復核權(quán)。

Guaranteeing the right to fair trial for all parties. China has promoted the reform of the criminal litigation system with a focus on adjudication, strictly enforced the principles of "no penalty without a law", evidence-based verdict, and exclusionary rule, improved the mechanism for witnesses to appear in court, and strengthened the role of court trials. China has fully guaranteed the right to defense of criminal suspects and defendants. A criminal suspect has the right to entrust a defender from the date when organs of investigation conduct the first interrogation or a compulsory measure is taken against the suspect. A defendant has the right to authorize a defender at any time. Pilot work has been launched to ensure duty counsels offer legal aid for all cases and legal defense is provided in all criminal cases, and legal aid stations can be found at all courts and detention houses, to ensure that defendants in all criminal cases can obtain legal defense and support in trial. The state protects defense lawyers' rights to meet their clients, to read case files, to investigate and obtain evidence, to conduct cross-examination, and to debate and defend, and other litigious rights. It has improved the mechanism for lawyers to perform their duties by law, formed a joint response system to ensure lawyers' right of practice, and established a platform to provide appropriate services to them. China implements the principle of presumption of innocence to prevent and correct miscarriages of justice. From 2013 to March 2019, people's courts at all levels acquitted 5,876 defendants, ensuring that no one should be prosecuted without criminal evidence. Wrongful verdicts on 8,568 criminal cases were overturned, including 49 major cases concerning Hugjiltu for rape and murder, Nie Shubin for rape and murder, and Zhou Jikun, Zhou Jiahua, Zhou Zaichun, Zhou Zhengguo and Zhou Zaihua for murder. The wrongly-convicted all received state compensation in accordance with the law. China has strictly controlled the death penalty, reducing the number of crimes for capital punishment by a significant margin. In 2007, the Supreme People's Court took back the right to review all capital sentences.

保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、服刑人員、戒毒人員及刑滿釋放人員的合法權(quán)利。規(guī)范強制措施，減少羈押性強制措施的適用，實行看守所在押人員入所權(quán)利義務告知制度，建立在押人員投訴調(diào)查處理機制。深化獄務公開，完善對監(jiān)所管理人員執(zhí)法監(jiān)督，保障服刑人員合法權(quán)利不受侵犯。實行人文關懷，開展離監(jiān)探親。全面推進社區(qū)矯正制度，截至2019年5月，已累計接收社區(qū)矯正對象445萬人，累計解除矯正375萬人，在冊社區(qū)矯正對象70多萬人，社區(qū)矯正對象在矯正期間再犯罪率一直處于0.2%的較低水平。新中國成立至1975年，對戰(zhàn)爭罪犯、反革命罪犯和部分普通刑事罪犯進行過七次特赦。根據(jù)現(xiàn)行憲法，2015年和2019年，兩次對部分服刑罪犯予以特赦。出臺禁毒法、戒毒條例等，依法保障戒毒人員合法權(quán)益，開展執(zhí)法監(jiān)督。健全完善刑滿釋放人員救助管理制度，落實社會救助和就業(yè)安置措施，促進刑滿釋放人員順利融入社會。

Guaranteeing the legitimate rights and interests of criminal suspects, defendants, prisoners, patients abstained from drugs and people released after serving their sentence. China has regulated compulsory measures and reduced the application of compulsory custodial measures. When the detainees enter a detention house, they are informed of their rights and obligations, and their complaints are handled in accordance with the procedure. Prison affairs are open to the public. China has improved supervision over the law enforcement in prisons and detention houses, to ensure that prisoners' legitimate rights are not infringed. Some prisoners are allowed to leave prisons and visit their relatives. The system of community service has been extensively implemented. By the end of May 2019, a total of 4.45 million persons throughout the country had received community service orders. Of these, 3.75 million had completed their service, and 700,000 were still subject to their service orders. The recidivism rate in the case of those assigned to community service is low, only 0.2 percent. Between 1949 and 1975, amnesties were granted on seven occasions to war criminals, counterrevolutionary criminals and some prisoners facing criminal charges. In accordance with the Constitution, amnesty was granted to some prisoners in 2015 and 2019. The state has promulgated the Narcotics Control Law and the Regulations on Drug Rehabilitation, ensured the legitimate rights and interests of persons on rehabilitation, and carried out law enforcement supervision. China has improved the assistance and management system for people released after completing their prison sentence, ensures their access to social assistance, and provides assistance to them in employment so that they can smoothly return to normal life.

建立健全權(quán)利救濟和救助制度。暢通國家賠償請求渠道，擴大賠償范圍，明確舉證責任，增加精神損害賠償，提高賠償標準，保障賠償金及時支付，進一步完善行政賠償、刑事賠償和非刑事司法賠償制度。國家刑事賠償標準隨經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展不斷提高，侵犯公民人身自由權(quán)每日賠償金額從1995年的17.16元人民幣，上升到2019年的315.94元人民幣。2013年至2019年3月，各級人民法院審結(jié)國家賠償案件61978件。健全完善國家司法救助制度，設立司法救助委員會，積極推動司法救助與社會救助、法律援助的銜接，幫助無法獲得有效賠償?shù)氖芎θ藬[脫生活困境。2015年至2018年，對生活困難當事人發(fā)放司法救助款37.5億元。

Improving the system of right remedy and assistance. The channels for applying for state compensation have been expanded, with more types of cases eligible for compensation and the burden of proof made clear. The state has increased compensation for infliction of mental distress, raised standards of compensation, and guaranteed that compensation is paid in a timely manner. The systems of administrative compensation, criminal compensation and non-criminal judicial compensation have been further improved. Criminal compensation has increased over the years along with economic and social development of the country. The daily compensation for violation of citizens' personal liberty has risen from RMB17.16 in 1995 to RMB315.94 in 2019. From 2013 to March 2019, the people's courts at all levels concluded 61,978 cases involving state compensation. China has improved the state judicial assistance system. It has established a judicial assistance committee to actively dovetail judicial assistance with social assistance and legal aid, and help victims in difficulty who have not been able to obtain effective compensation. From 2015 to 2018, RMB3.75 billion of judicial assistance was granted to victims in difficulty.

公共法律服務更加優(yōu)質(zhì)便捷。建立健全法律援助制度，2013年至2018年，全國法律援助機構(gòu)共組織辦理法律援助案件778.8萬余件，受援人847.5萬余人次，提供法律咨詢4526.8萬余人次。全面推進律師事業(yè)，截至2018年，律師隊伍發(fā)展到42.3萬多人，律師事務所發(fā)展到3萬多家。完善公共法律服務體系，建設公共法律服務實體平臺、“12348”法律服務熱線和法律服務網(wǎng)絡三大平臺，實現(xiàn)申請快捷化、審查簡便化，更加便民利民。截至2018年，全國建成2917個縣（市、區(qū)）公共法律服務中心、3.9萬多個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）公共法律服務工作站，為65萬個村（居）配備法律顧問，各省（自治區(qū)、直轄市）均已建成“12348”法律服務熱線平臺。推進司法鑒定管理體制改革，提高司法鑒定質(zhì)量和公信力，截至2018年，經(jīng)司法行政機關審核登記的司法鑒定機構(gòu)有3834家，司法鑒定人45000名。

Providing quality and more convenient public legal services. A sound legal aid system has been established. From 2013 to 2018, legal aid institutions handled some 7.79 million legal aid cases, helping 8.48 million people and providing legal consultancy services to 45.27 million people. The state encourages the development of the profession of lawyers. As of 2018, there were 423,000 lawyers and more than 30,000 law firms across the country. China has improved public legal services, and opened a physical platform for providing public legal services, the "12348" free hotline for legal advice, and online legal services. It is convenient to make an application for legal services, and the review process has been streamlined for public benefit. By the end of 2018, there were 2,917 public legal service centers in counties, cities and districts, and more than 39,000 service stations in towns, townships and sub-districts. About 650,000 villages and communities had legal counselors, and all provinces and equivalent administrative units had opened the "12348" legal service hotline. China has reformed the management of forensic assessment to enhance assessment quality and credibility. By 2018, there were 3,834 forensic assessment institutions approved by and registered with judicial administrative organs, with more than 45,000 forensic appraisers.

提高全社會人權(quán)法治意識。新中國成立以后，通過廣泛宣傳憲法、婚姻法，男女平等、婚姻自由等觀念逐步樹立。從1986年起，在全國范圍內(nèi)連續(xù)實施7個五年普法規(guī)劃，開展憲法和法治宣傳教育。把法治教育納入國民教育體系，在中小學教育中加入人權(quán)內(nèi)容。在高校開設人權(quán)專業(yè)及相關課程，培養(yǎng)人權(quán)方向?qū)I(yè)人才。面向各級領導干部、公檢法司部門工作人員、媒體從業(yè)人員等開展專項人權(quán)培訓。設立8家國家人權(quán)教育與培訓基地。出版和發(fā)行《人權(quán)》《人權(quán)研究》《中國人權(quán)評論》等專業(yè)書刊。中國人權(quán)研究會連續(xù)出版《中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展報告》藍皮書，積極推動人權(quán)學術(shù)研究、教育和知識普及。

Enhancing public awareness of legal protection of human rights. After the PRC was founded, the government made an intensive effort to enhance public awareness and understanding of the Constitution, the Marriage Law, and ideas such as gender equality and freedom of marriage were gradually accepted by the public. Since 1986, China has implemented seven nationwide five-year plans on enhancing public awareness of the Constitution and the rule of law. China has included education on the rule of law into the national education system and teaching of human rights into primary and middle school education. Human rights majors and other related courses are offered in universities to cultivate human rights professionals. Special human rights training programs are conducted for officials at all levels, staff of organs of public security, procuratorates and courts, and judicial organs, and those who work in the media. China has eight national human rights education and training bases. Professional periodicals including Human Rights, Human Rights Studies, and China Human Rights Review are published in China. The China Society for Human Rights Studies has consecutively published blue papers titled Development of Human Rights in China, to advance research and education on human rights and promote understanding of the subject.

強力反腐維護人民利益。1949年11月，中共中央決定成立中央及各級黨的紀律檢查委員會；1955年，中國共產(chǎn)黨的全國代表會議選舉產(chǎn)生中央監(jiān)察委員會；1978年12月，中國共產(chǎn)黨十一屆三中全會選舉產(chǎn)生新的中央紀律檢查委員會。中共十八大以來，加快形成完善的黨內(nèi)法規(guī)體系，建立了以黨章為本，若干配套黨內(nèi)法規(guī)為支撐的黨內(nèi)法規(guī)制度體系。2018年3月，中華人民共和國國家監(jiān)察委員會依法組建，各級紀委監(jiān)委合署辦公，對所有行使公權(quán)力的公職人員實行監(jiān)督全覆蓋。從2012年12月至2019年6月，中央紀委立案審查中管干部389人，涉嫌犯罪移送司法機關155人。堅決整治群眾身邊腐敗和作風問題，深入推進扶貧領域腐敗和作風問題專項治理，開展民生領域?qū)ｍ椪?，深挖涉黑腐敗和黑惡勢力“保護傘”，堅決清除包庇、縱容黑惡勢力的腐敗分子。

Striking against corruption to safeguard people's interests. In November 1949, the CPC Central Committee decided to establish discipline inspection committees at all levels. In 1955, the National Conference of the CPC elected a Central Supervision Commission. In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee elected a new Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, a sound system of intra-Party regulations has been formed based on the Party Constitution and supported by intra-Party regulations. In March 2018, the Supervision Commission of the People's Republic of China was established by law. Discipline inspection commissions of the Party and supervision commissions of the government at all levels jointly carry out full supervision over all public functionaries who exercise public power. From December 2012 to June 2019, the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection investigated 389 officials registered at and supervised by the CPC Central Committee, and transferred 155 cases of suspected criminal activity to the judiciary. China has resolutely fought corruption that directly affects ordinary people's lives, and carried out special campaigns to address corruption and misconduct in poverty alleviation and problems undermining the public interest. It has carried out thorough investigations of criminal syndicate-related corruption and protection rackets, getting rid of corrupt officials who sheltered or connived with criminal syndicates.

七、全面參與全球人權(quán)治理

VII. Full Participation in Global Governance of Human Rights

中國在大力推進自身人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的同時，始終堅持平等互信、包容互鑒、合作共贏、共同發(fā)展的理念，積極參與聯(lián)合國人權(quán)事務，認真履行國際人權(quán)義務，廣泛開展國際人權(quán)合作，積極為全球人權(quán)治理提供中國智慧、中國方案，以實際行動推進全球人權(quán)治理朝著更加公正合理包容的方向發(fā)展。

While promoting the development of its own human rights, China upholds the principles of equality and mutual trust, inclusiveness and mutual learning, cooperation and mutual benefits, and common development. It has been active in UN human rights undertakings, fulfills its international human rights obligations, conducts extensive international cooperation on human rights, actively offers Chinese wisdom and solutions for global governance of human rights, and advances through concrete actions the global governance of human rights in a fairer, more rational and inclusive direction.

積極參與國際人權(quán)事業(yè)。中國在1971年恢復聯(lián)合國合法席位后，派團參與聯(lián)合國大會和聯(lián)合國經(jīng)社理事會的歷屆會議，并積極參加有關人權(quán)議題的審議。自1979年起，中國連續(xù)3年作為觀察員出席聯(lián)合國人權(quán)委員會會議。1981年，中國在聯(lián)合國經(jīng)社理事會組織會議上當選為人權(quán)委員會成員國。自1982年起，中國正式擔任人權(quán)委員會成員國并一直連選連任。2006年人權(quán)理事會成立以來，中國已四度當選理事會成員。中國推薦的多名專家擔任聯(lián)合國經(jīng)社文權(quán)利委員會、禁止酷刑委員會、消除種族歧視委員會、消除對婦女歧視委員會、殘疾人權(quán)利委員會等多個多邊人權(quán)機構(gòu)或?qū)ｉT委員會的委員。

Engaging in international human rights undertakings. Since resuming its legitimate seat in the UN in 1971, China has sent delegations to every UN General Assembly and UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) conference, and actively joined in the reviews of issues concerning human rights. From 1979 to 1981 China attended the annual meetings of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) as an observer state. In 1981 China was elected a UNCHR member state at the ECOSOC's Management Segment. In 1982, China became an official member state of the UNCHR and has maintained this position ever since. Since the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) was established in 2006, China has been elected as a member state four times. A number of experts recommended by China have served on multilateral human rights organizations or special commissions such as the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the United Nations Committee against Torture, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

中國同聯(lián)合國人權(quán)事務高級專員及其辦公室保持建設性接觸，先后8次接待人權(quán)高專訪華，多次邀請高專辦官員來華交流訪問。近年來，中國與人權(quán)高專辦兩次簽署技術(shù)合作《諒解備忘錄》，內(nèi)容涵蓋司法改革、警察與人權(quán)、人權(quán)教育、執(zhí)行人權(quán)條約等領域，并與人權(quán)高專辦多次共同舉辦國際人權(quán)會議。自1994年至今，中國先后邀請宗教信仰自由特別報告員、任意拘留問題工作組、教育權(quán)特別報告員、酷刑問題特別報告員、糧食權(quán)特別報告員、消除對婦女歧視問題工作組、外債對人權(quán)影響問題獨立專家、極端貧困與人權(quán)問題特別報告員等8個特別機制10次訪華。中國認真對待人權(quán)理事會特別機制來函，在認真調(diào)查的基礎上及時予以答復。

China maintains constructive contacts with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Office (OHCHR), receiving eight visits by high commissioners to China, and inviting many of the OHCHR officials to visit China. In recent years, China has signed two memorandums of understanding on technological cooperation concerning judicial reform, police and human rights, human rights education, and implementation of human rights treaties, and held together with the OHCHR many international conferences on human rights. Since 1994, China has invited ten visits by eight UN representatives and groups: the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, the United Nations Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, the United Nations Independent Expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of states on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights, and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. China handles letters from the Special Procedures of the UNHRC with due attention, carrying out any necessary investigations and giving timely replies.

切實遵守國際人權(quán)義務。中國先后批準或加入了26項國際人權(quán)文書，其中包括《經(jīng)濟、社會及文化權(quán)利國際公約》《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》《消除一切形式種族歧視國際公約》等6項聯(lián)合國核心人權(quán)條約。中國嚴格遵守條約規(guī)定，認真履行條約義務，注重將國內(nèi)的立法、修法和政策制定等與條約規(guī)定相銜接，及時提交履約報告，全面反映中國在履約過程中取得的成就及遇到的問題。中國認真參加各條約機構(gòu)對中國履約情況的審議，截至2019年3月，中國已向各條約機構(gòu)提交履約報告27次，總計43期，接受審議26次。中國注重與相關人權(quán)條約機構(gòu)開展建設性對話，結(jié)合國情積極采納建議。自2009年以來，中國三次接受聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會普遍定期審議并順利通過核可，中國對各國所提建議均給予認真、負責任的反饋。絕大多數(shù)國家肯定中國人權(quán)發(fā)展成就和中國對世界人權(quán)事業(yè)所作的貢獻。

Fulfilling obligations in the international instruments on human rights. China has signed 26 international human rights instruments, including six major ones such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. China abides by the provisions of these international conventions, fulfills all the obligations they prescribe, ensures that its policy formulation, legislation, and any amendments are consistent with these conventions, and submits periodic reports to give feedback on the progress made and any difficulties and problems encountered in implementing these international conventions. China attends all reviews from the treaty bodies on its implementation work. By March 2019, China had submitted 43 implementation reports on 27 occasions to these treaty bodies and received 26 reviews. China has conducted constructive dialogue with the relevant treaty bodies and adopted their suggestions in accordance with the actual conditions in China. China has also received three UNHRC Universal Periodic Review cycles since 2009, and the reports were adopted. China gives due attention and responsible feedback to all suggestions from other countries. Most countries have affirmed China's achievements in this regard and its contribution to international human rights. 

著力推動國際人權(quán)規(guī)則和機制發(fā)展。中國參加了《禁止酷刑和其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰公約》《兒童權(quán)利公約》《殘疾人權(quán)利公約》《保護所有移徙工人及其家庭成員權(quán)利國際公約》，以及《經(jīng)濟、社會及文化權(quán)利國際公約》任擇議定書等重要人權(quán)文件的制定工作組會議，為這些規(guī)則的起草、修改和完善作出重要貢獻。中國作為主要推動者之一，參與了《發(fā)展權(quán)利宣言》的起草工作，積極推動聯(lián)合國人權(quán)委員會和人權(quán)理事會就實現(xiàn)發(fā)展權(quán)問題進行全球磋商，致力于推動構(gòu)建發(fā)展權(quán)實施機制。中國積極參與勞工保護、人道主義等領域國際規(guī)則制定。中國是《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》首批締約方之一，全程參與并有效推動氣候變化多邊進程，為推動達成《巴黎協(xié)定》作出積極貢獻。

Promoting international rules and mechanisms for protecting human rights. China has attended the meetings of the drafting groups of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, along with other important documents on human rights protection, making a significant contribution to drafting, revising and improving these rules. As one of the major promoters, China participated in drafting the Declaration on the Right to Development, assisting the UNCHR and the UNHRC to organize global discussions on fulfilling the right to development, and is committed to building mechanisms for actualizing the right to development. China actively participates in the formulation of international rules on labor protection and humanitarianism. China was one of the first signatories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It actively participated in and effectively promoted the whole multilateral process of climate change issues, and made a positive contribution to the adoption of the Paris Agreement.

中國積極推動聯(lián)合國人權(quán)機構(gòu)改革，在設立聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會，使國際人權(quán)機制變得更加公正客觀透明等方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。中國聯(lián)合發(fā)展中國家一道，推動人權(quán)理事會以公正客觀、非選擇性、普遍性等方式審議人權(quán)問題。中國支持聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會設立安全飲用水、文化權(quán)、殘疾人權(quán)利等專題性特別機制；倡導召開關于糧食安全、國際金融機制等的特別會議，積極推動完善國際人權(quán)機制。中國支持對人權(quán)條約機構(gòu)進行必要改革，促進條約機構(gòu)與締約國在相互尊重的基礎上開展對話與合作。

China promotes the reform of UN human rights bodies, and played an important role in establishing the UNHRC and making the international human rights mechanism fairer, more objective and transparent. Together with other developing countries, it assists the UNHRC to review human rights issues in a fair, objective, nonselective and general manner. China supports the UNHRC in establishing specialized mechanisms for securing safe drinking water, cultural rights, and the rights of persons with disabilities, in calling for special conferences on food security and the global financial crisis, and in improving the international mechanisms for protecting human rights. China supports the necessary reform of the human rights treaty bodies, promoting dialogue and cooperation between the treaty bodies and signatory states on the basis of mutual respect.

倡導開展國際人權(quán)交流合作。中國高度重視開展人權(quán)領域?qū)ν饨涣鹘煌c合作，致力于在相互尊重、開放包容、交流互鑒基礎上開展建設性人權(quán)對話和人權(quán)磋商。自20世紀90年代起，中國陸續(xù)與20多個國家建立人權(quán)對話或磋商機制，同美國、歐盟、英國、德國、瑞士、荷蘭、澳大利亞、新西蘭等西方國家或國際組織進行人權(quán)對話，同俄羅斯、埃及、南非、巴西、馬來西亞、巴基斯坦、白俄羅斯、古巴、非盟等開展人權(quán)磋商。自1996年以來，與澳大利亞、瑞士長期開展人權(quán)技術(shù)合作。中國人權(quán)研究會等人權(quán)領域非政府組織組團赴亞洲、北美、南美、歐洲、大洋洲、非洲的數(shù)十個國家交流訪問，并邀請多國人權(quán)領域的政府官員和專家學者訪華，增進了理解與互信。近年來，中國多次舉辦國際人權(quán)研討會，“亞歐非正式人權(quán)研討會”“北京人權(quán)論壇”“紀念《發(fā)展權(quán)利宣言》通過30周年國際研討會”“南南人權(quán)論壇”“中歐人權(quán)研討會”“國際人權(quán)文博會”“中美司法與人權(quán)研討會”“中德人權(quán)研討會”，拓展了國際人權(quán)交流合作的朋友圈，增進了在人權(quán)問題上與各國的相互了解。

Advocating and conducting international exchanges and cooperation concerning human rights. China prioritizes communication, exchanges, and cooperation with other countries in the field of human rights, and is committed to conducting constructive dialogue and consultations on human rights on the basis of mutual respect, openness, inclusiveness, communication and mutual learning. Since the 1990s, China has established dialogue and consultation mechanisms for human rights protection with more than 20 other countries. China has organized dialogues on human rights with international organizations and Western countries, including the US, the EU, the UK, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Australia, and New Zealand, and held consultations on human rights with Russia, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, Malaysia, Pakistan, Belarus, Cuba, and the African Union. Since 1996, China has conducted technical cooperation on human rights with Australia and Switzerland. The China Society for Human Rights Studies (CSHRS) and other human rights NGOs in China have organized teams to visit dozens of countries in Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Oceania and Africa, and invited government officials, experts and academics on human rights from various countries to visit China, which has increased mutual understanding and trust. In recent years, China has hosted several international seminars on human rights, including the Informal Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Seminar on Human Rights, the Beijing Forum on Human Rights, the International Seminar on the 30th Anniversary of the Adoption of the UN Declaration on the Right to Development, the South-South Human Rights Forum, the China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights, the International Seminar on Human Rights and Museology, the Sino-American Dialogue on the Rule of Law and Human Rights, and the China-Germany Seminar on Human Rights, which increased China's circle of friends in exchange and cooperation on human rights, and enlarged mutual understanding with other countries in this regard.

積極引導國際人權(quán)治理變革。中國不僅注重自身人權(quán)事業(yè)的提升，也始終重視引導全球人權(quán)治理體系變革。1954年，中國與印度、緬甸提出互相尊重主權(quán)和領土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉內(nèi)政、平等互利、和平共處五項原則，體現(xiàn)了對國家獨立的認可，尊重了相關國家和人民的自主權(quán)。1955年，在中國推動下，萬隆會議通過的《亞非會議最后公報》將“尊重基本人權(quán)”寫入和平共處十項原則的第一條。萬隆會議通過的十項原則是對和平共處五項原則的引申和發(fā)展。20世紀60年代興起的不結(jié)盟運動把五項原則作為指導原則。1970年和1974年聯(lián)合國大會通過的有關宣言接受了和平共處五項原則。60多年來，和平共處五項原則逐漸走出亞洲走向世界，為推動建立更加公正合理的國際政治經(jīng)濟秩序、建立新型國際關系作出了歷史性貢獻，也為國際人權(quán)治理提供了重要遵循。

Actively leading the reform of international human rights governance. In addition to making progress in its own human rights protection, China also attaches importance to leading the reform of the international human rights governance system. In 1954, together with India and Burma, China proposed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and cooperation for mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence, which embodies the acknowledgement and appreciation of national independence, and respect for the decision-making power of independent countries and their peoples. In 1955, encouraged by China, the final Communiqué of the Bandung Conference incorporated "respect for fundamental human rights" as the first point into the 10-point declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation. The 10-point declaration passed at the Bandung Conference is a derivation and development of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. The Non-Aligned Movement that rose in the 1960s set the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as its guideline. The declarations adopted at the 1970 and 1974 UN general assemblies accepted the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Over the six decades that have since passed, the influence of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence has expanded from Asia to the whole world. It has made a historic contribution to building a fairer and more reasonable international political and economic order and establishing a new type of international relations, and serves as a guide for the international governance of human rights. 

多年來，中國不斷總結(jié)提煉自身人權(quán)保障實踐經(jīng)驗，向國際人權(quán)事業(yè)貢獻中國智慧和方案。1993年，中國推動亞洲國家通過《曼谷宣言》。中國作為第二屆世界人權(quán)大會的副主席國，參加《維也納宣言和行動綱領》的起草工作。中國提出的“發(fā)展對享有所有人權(quán)的貢獻”的決議在聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會通過，首次將“發(fā)展促進人權(quán)”引入國際人權(quán)體系。近年來，中國提出的推動共同構(gòu)建人類命運共同體理念在國際社會引起熱烈反響，多次被寫入聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會、聯(lián)合國安理會等機構(gòu)的決議，為推動國際人權(quán)治理向著更加公正合理包容的方向發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。

Over the years, China has kept summing up its own experience in human rights protection, and provided the international community with Chinese wisdom and solutions. In 1993, China pushed for the adoption of the Bangkok Declaration among Asian countries. Holding the vice presidency of the Second World Conference on Human Rights, China participated in drafting the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action. The UNHRC passed the resolution "The Contribution of Development to the Enjoyment of All Human Rights" submitted by China, which introduced the concept of "promoting human rights through development" into international human rights for the first time. The idea of building a global community of shared future proposed by China has elicited a positive international response. The concept has been written into many resolutions of the UNHRC, the United Nations Security Council, and some other UN organizations. It plays an important role in advancing the international governance of human rights in a fairer, more reasonable and inclusive direction.

八、推動世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展

VIII. Advancing the International Cause of Human Rights

新中國成立后，中國在不斷推進自身人權(quán)事業(yè)的同時，積極支持廣大發(fā)展中國家擺脫殖民統(tǒng)治、實現(xiàn)民族獨立、消除種族隔離的正義事業(yè)，努力提升發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展能力、提供發(fā)展援助、進行人道主義援助，在維護世界和平與發(fā)展、推動國際人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展進步等方面作出了重要貢獻。

Since the founding of the PRC, in addition to advancing the human rights of its people, China has earnestly supported the just cause of other developing countries to break free from colonial rule, achieve national independence, and eradicate racial segregation. It has helped them to build up their capacity for development, and provided them with development assistance and humanitarian relief. These are great contribution to safeguarding world peace and development and furthering the international cause of human rights.

助力發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展。中國注重推動廣大發(fā)展中國家人民生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)的實現(xiàn)，長期在基礎設施及教育、衛(wèi)生、農(nóng)業(yè)等領域向亞洲、非洲、拉丁美洲等的發(fā)展中國家和地區(qū)提供支援和幫助。中國在提供國際援助時，堅持不附帶任何政治條件、不干涉受援國內(nèi)政，始終做到相互尊重、平等對待、重信守諾。1963年，中國首次派出援外醫(yī)療隊，截至2019年8月，已累計派遣醫(yī)療隊員2.6萬人次，診治患者2.8億人次。1964年，中國政府宣布以平等互利、不附帶條件為核心的對外經(jīng)濟技術(shù)援助八項原則，確立了中國開展對外援助的基本方針，在工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、教育、醫(yī)療、公共設施等各部門、各領域廣泛開展對外援助。中國同多個發(fā)展中國家建立了經(jīng)濟技術(shù)合作關系，援建了坦贊鐵路、毛里塔尼亞友誼港、中非友誼醫(yī)院、老撾瑯勃拉邦醫(yī)院、斯里蘭卡紀念班達拉奈克國際會議大廈、埃及開羅國際會議中心、肯尼亞國際體育中心、坦桑尼亞國家體育場等一批重大基礎設施。近年來，中國國家主席習近平等黨和國家領導人多次在國際場合宣布系列重大對外援助倡議和舉措。中國多次主動免除與中國有外交關系的最不發(fā)達國家、重債窮國、內(nèi)陸發(fā)展中國家、小島嶼發(fā)展中國家的債務。

Supporting economic and social development in other developing countries. To help the peoples of developing countries to realize their rights to subsistence and development, China has long provided assistance to other developing countries and regions in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in such fields as infrastructure, education, healthcare and agriculture. When providing international aid, China never imposes political conditions, nor does it interfere in the internal affairs of recipient countries. It always stands by the rules of mutual respect, each party treating the other as an equal, and keeping its commitments. 

In 1963, China dispatched its first international medical aid team. By August 2019, it had dispatched 26,000 medical workers on aid missions abroad, who have treated 280 million patients. In 1964, the Chinese government announced the eight principles for foreign economic and technical aid, setting its basic policy for international assistance: these focus on equality and mutual benefit, and no conditions are attached. It has since provided international assistance that covers all sectors of economy and all fields of society, including industry, agriculture, education, medical care, and infrastructure. China has established partnerships for economic and technological cooperation with many developing peers, and helped build a significant number of infrastructure projects in these countries. Among them are the Tanzania-Zambia Railway, the Friendship Port in Mauritania, the Friendship Hospital in Central African Republic, the Luang Prabang Hospital in Laos, the Bandaranaike Memorial International Convention Hall in Sri Lanka, the Cairo International Conference Center in Egypt, the Moi International Sports Center in Kenya, and the National Stadium of Tanzania. 

In recent years, President Xi and other CPC and government leaders have announced a raft of major foreign aid initiatives and measures at international events. In addition, they have offered multiple rounds of debt exemption for countries that have diplomatic relations with China – the least developed countries, heavily indebted poor countries, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing countries.

著力提升其他發(fā)展中國家發(fā)展能力。20世紀50年代開始資助其他發(fā)展中國家學生來華學習，幫助亞洲和非洲國家建設普通和技術(shù)院校，60年代開始向發(fā)展中國家派遣援外教師，70年代至80年代以接收留學生的方式專門為受援國培養(yǎng)中高級技術(shù)和管理人才。近年來，中國先后設立南南合作援助基金、南南合作與發(fā)展學院、金磚國家經(jīng)濟技術(shù)合作交流計劃等，通過舉辦培訓、外派管理人員和技術(shù)專家、提供獎學金等方式，幫助其他發(fā)展中國家培養(yǎng)人才。為支持全球婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展，2015年，習近平主席在全球婦女峰會上宣布，邀請3萬名發(fā)展中國家婦女來華參加培訓，并在當?shù)貫榘l(fā)展中國家培訓10萬名女性技術(shù)人員。中國發(fā)起成立亞洲基礎設施投資銀行、絲路基金，與其他金磚國家共同發(fā)起成立新開發(fā)銀行等國際金融機構(gòu)，充分借助上海合作組織、金磚國家等機制的帶動作用，提出共商共建共享“一帶一路”倡議，與沿線國家或地區(qū)達成合作項目，主動分享發(fā)展機遇和經(jīng)驗，為增進各國民生福祉作出新貢獻。

Helping other developing countries to build up their capacity for development. In the 1950s, China began to provide funds to people of other developing countries to study in China, and to help African and other Asian countries to build regular and technical schools. In the early 1960s, it began to dispatch teachers to other developing countries. In the 1970s and 1980s, it began to cultivate senior and mid-level technicians and managers for its aid targets by admitting their students. In recent years, China has set up the Assistance Fund for South-South Cooperation and the Institute of South-South Cooperation and Development, and launched an economic and technical cooperation plan for BRICS countries. By providing training courses, dispatching managerial and technical professionals, and offering scholarships, it helps other developing countries to cultivate talent. In support of women's development worldwide, President Xi announced at the 2015 Global Summit of Women that China would invite 30,000 women from other developing countries to attend training in China, and would train another 100,000 female technicians in their countries. China initiated the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund. It also worked with other BRICS countries and established the New Development Bank and some other international financial institutions. While fully relying on mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and BRICS, it has proposed the Belt and Road Initiative featured with extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits. Through cooperation projects with countries or regions along the routes of the Belt and Road, China shares its development opportunities and experience and thereby contributes more to improving the wellbeing of their peoples.

積極開展人道主義援助。中國的人道主義援助對象和規(guī)模不斷擴大，同時，中國始終恪守反對人道主義干涉的原則，從不干涉被援助國內(nèi)政，充分尊重當?shù)厝宋沫h(huán)境和風俗習慣。中國積極參與聯(lián)合國機構(gòu)主導的國際人道主義活動，1979年加入聯(lián)合國兒童基金會、世界糧食計劃署，恢復了在聯(lián)合國難民署執(zhí)委會的活動，并多次向其捐款捐物。2004年中國建立人道主義緊急救災援助應急機制，向朝鮮、孟加拉國等國提供糧食等人道主義物資援助；向東南亞國家提供防治禽流感技術(shù)援助；就幾內(nèi)亞比紹蝗災和霍亂，墨西哥甲型H1N1流感，非洲埃博拉、黃熱病、鼠疫等傳染病疫情，尼泊爾、日本、伊朗、海地、智利、厄瓜多爾、墨西哥地震，馬達加斯加、美國卡特里娜、加勒比有關國家颶風，菲律賓超強臺風海燕，印度洋海嘯、印度尼西亞巽他海嘯，馬來西亞、緬甸、巴基斯坦洪災，老撾水電站潰壩，智利山火等提供物資、現(xiàn)匯或人員等人道主義援助。在2011年利比亞撤僑行動中，中國協(xié)助亞洲、歐洲12個國家撤離約2100名外國公民。在2015年也門撤僑行動中，中國協(xié)助亞洲、非洲、歐洲、美洲15個國家撤離279名外國公民。

Providing humanitarian relief. Over the past years, China's humanitarian relief has increased, and the number of recipients has grown steadily. Throughout this process, China adheres to the principle of opposition to any interference under the pretext of humanitarianism. It never meddles in the internal affairs of recipient countries, and fully respects their culture and customs. China takes an active part in international humanitarian relief initiatives launched by UN organizations. In 1979, it joined the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund and World Food Program, and resumed its activities in the Executive Committee of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). It has since made many donations to the UNHCR. 

In 2004, China launched an emergency mechanism for urgent international humanitarian relief, under which it has provided relief to many countries. This relief includes food and other material assistance to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Bangladesh, and technical aid to Southeast Asian countries to combat avian influenza. It also covers funding, personnel, and in-kind support to fight diseases and natural disasters: 

? in Guinea-Bissau against locust plague and cholera; 

? in Mexico against A/H1N1 flu; 

? in Africa against Ebola, yellow fever, plague and other infectious diseases; 

? in Nepal, Japan, Iran, Haiti, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico against earthquakes; 

? in Madagascar and the Caribbean countries against hurricanes; 

? in the US against Hurricane Katrina; 

? in the Philippines against Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda); 

? in the Indian Ocean countries against tsunami; 

? in Indonesia against 2018 Sunda Strait Tsunami; 

? in Malaysia, Myanmar and Pakistan against floods; 

? in Laos against a dam collapse in 2018; 

? in Chile against mountain fires. 

China assisted 12 Asian and European countries to extract about 2,100 of their citizens in its evacuation operation from Libya in 2011, and again helped 15 Asian, African, European, and American countries to extract 279 of their citizens in the evacuation operation from Yemen in 2015.

努力維護世界和平與安全。作為和平共處五項原則的積極倡導者和堅定實踐者，中國不僅自身積極奉行和平外交思想、注重與各國和平共處，而且積極倡導共同、綜合、合作、可持續(xù)的安全觀，致力于推動南南合作和南北對話，努力縮小南北差距。中國在巴勒斯坦問題、伊朗核問題、朝鮮半島問題、敘利亞問題等重大國際、地區(qū)熱點問題上積極建言獻策、身體力行，呼吁各方冷靜克制，以政治外交等手段和平解決爭端。中國積極參與國際執(zhí)法安全合作，在聯(lián)合國、國際刑警組織、上海合作組織等國際和地區(qū)組織框架下加強合作，打擊一切恐怖主義、分裂主義、極端主義犯罪和毒品犯罪。中國自1990年起參加聯(lián)合國維和行動，是聯(lián)合國安理會常任理事國中派出維和人員最多的國家，也是聯(lián)合國維和行動第二大出資國。截至2018年5月，中國已累計向蘇丹、黎巴嫩、柬埔寨、利比亞等國家和地區(qū)派出維和軍事人員3.7萬余人次，先后派出維和警察2700余人次，參加了約30項聯(lián)合國維和行動。

Safeguarding world peace and security. An active advocate and a faithful practitioner of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, China pursues a foreign policy of peace and peaceful coexistence with all countries, and is also a firm advocate of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. It is committed to advancing South-South cooperation and North-South dialogue, and to narrowing the South-North gap. China has put forward proposals and initiatives and made concrete efforts to address many major international and regional flashpoints, such as the Palestinian issue, the Iranian nuclear issue, the Korean Peninsula issue, and the Syrian issue. It calls for all parties concerned to stay calm, exercise restraint, and solve disputes by political and diplomatic means. 

China is also active in international cooperation on law enforcement and security. It has intensified cooperation under the framework of international and regional organizations, including the UN, the International Criminal Police Organization, and SCO, to combat terrorism, separatism, extremism, and drug-related crimes. China began to participate in UN peacekeeping operations in 1990. It now ranks first among the permanent members of the UN Security Council in terms of the number of peacekeepers dispatched, and is the second largest donor country to UN peacekeeping operations. By May 2018, China had sent more than 37,000 military and more than 2,700 police personnel to participate in about 30 UN peacekeeping missions in Sudan, Lebanon, Cambodia, Libya, and other countries and regions. 

結(jié)束語

Conclusion

新中國的70年，是為中國人民謀幸福的70年，也是為世界人民謀發(fā)展的70年。新中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展取得的巨大成就，有目共睹，永載史冊。這是中國道路的成功，是中國人民的勝利。在慶祝中華人民共和國成立70周年之際，中國人民愿與世界各國人民一道分享成功與勝利的喜悅。

In the 70 years since its founding, the PRC has been working for the wellbeing of the people, and also for global development. Its unprecedented achievements in human rights protection have been witnessed by all and will go down in history. They represent the success of the Chinese path, a victory for the people of China. As we are celebrating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the PRC, the Chinese people are happy to share this success and victory with the peoples of the rest of the world.

當前，在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，中國人民正在為實現(xiàn)“兩個一百年”奮斗目標和中華民族偉大復興的中國夢而努力。在未來的歲月里，隨著全面建成小康社會的實現(xiàn)，隨著國家基本實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，隨著建成社會主義現(xiàn)代化強國，中國人民必將享有更加廣泛、更加充分的權(quán)利，中國人民必將在更高水平上實現(xiàn)全面發(fā)展。

The Chinese people are striving to achieve the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as the core. In future, as these goals are attained and China becomes a great modern socialist country, the Chinese people will certainly enjoy to the full more extensive rights and realize well-rounded development at higher levels.

在新的歷史時代，中國將秉持文明多樣和文明交流互鑒精神，與國際社會一道，推動各國共同發(fā)展、共同繁榮，促進世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展，共同構(gòu)建人類命運共同體。

In this new era, China will continue to uphold cultural diversity, communicate with and learn from other civilizations, and work with the international community for common development and prosperity, for progress in human rights worldwide, and for building a global community of shared future.

（來源：新華網(wǎng)）

(Source: Xinhua)