全面建成小康社會(huì)：中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的光輝篇章

中華人民共和國(guó) 

國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室 

2021年8月

Moderate Prosperity in All Respects: Another Milestone Achieved in China's Human Rights 

The State Council Information Office of 

the People's Republic of China 

August 2021

目錄

Contents

前言

Foreword

一、全面建成小康社會(huì)開(kāi)辟人權(quán)事業(yè)新境界

I. Achieving Moderate Prosperity and Advancing Human Rights

1. 全面建成小康社會(huì)的光輝歷程

1. The Journey to Moderate Prosperity

2. 全面建成小康社會(huì)的人權(quán)內(nèi)涵

3. 全面建成小康社會(huì)的人權(quán)意義

二、消除絕對(duì)貧困實(shí)現(xiàn)基本生活水準(zhǔn)權(quán)

II. Ending Extreme Poverty and Securing the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living

1. 貧困人口食物權(quán)得到穩(wěn)定保障

1. Securing the Right to Food for the Poor

2. 貧困人口飲水安全得到有力保障

3. 貧困地區(qū)義務(wù)教育得到充分保障

4. 貧困人口基本醫(yī)療得到有效保障

5. 貧困人口住房安全得到切實(shí)保障

5. Ensuring Safe Housing for the Poor

三、以發(fā)展促人權(quán)增進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)文化權(quán)利

III. Boosting Human Rights with Development and Securing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

1. 疫情防控奉行生命至上

1. Putting Life First in Fighting Covid-19

2. 衛(wèi)生健康服務(wù)公平可及

2. Ensuring Equitable and Accessible Health Services

3. 生活質(zhì)量顯著提高

3. Upgrading the Quality of Life

4. 就業(yè)更加充分

4. Maximizing Employment

5. 公共文化服務(wù)不斷優(yōu)化

6. 受教育權(quán)利得到更好保障

6. Guaranteeing the Right to Education

7. 社會(huì)保障體系覆蓋全民

7. Expanding Social Security to Cover All Citizens

8. 生態(tài)環(huán)境持續(xù)改善

8. Improving the Eco-environment

9. 人類發(fā)展指數(shù)大幅提升

9. Achieving a Higher HDI Score

四、實(shí)行良法善治維護(hù)公民權(quán)利政治權(quán)利

IV. Protecting Civil and Political Rights with Law and Governance

1. 拓展人民民主權(quán)利

1. Expanding People's Democratic Rights

2. 保障人身權(quán)利

2. Protecting Personal Rights

3. 保障個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)

3. Protecting Individual Property Rights

4. 加強(qiáng)人權(quán)司法保障

4. Reinforcing Judicial Guarantee for Human Rights

5. 保障宗教信仰自由

5. Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief

五、促進(jìn)社會(huì)公平保障特定群體權(quán)益

V. Promoting Social Equity and Protecting the Rights of Special Groups

1. 農(nóng)民權(quán)益保障全方位改善

1. Upgrading Protection of the Rights of Rural People

2. 婦女兒童老年人權(quán)益保障持續(xù)加強(qiáng)

3. 少數(shù)民族權(quán)益保障進(jìn)一步完善

4. 殘疾人權(quán)益保障更加有力

結(jié)束語(yǔ)

Conclusion

前言

Foreword

人權(quán)是人類文明進(jìn)步的成果和標(biāo)志，尊重和保障人權(quán)是現(xiàn)代文明的基本精神，也是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人的不懈追求。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是為人民謀幸福的政黨。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的100年，是爭(zhēng)取人權(quán)、尊重人權(quán)、保障人權(quán)、發(fā)展人權(quán)的100年，極大提高了中國(guó)人權(quán)文明水平，豐富發(fā)展了人類文明多樣性。

Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress. Respect for and protection of human rights is a basic principle of modern civilization, and the unwavering goal of the Chinese Communists. The Communist Party of China (CPC) seeks happiness for the people. Its 100-year history records its efforts in fighting for, respecting, protecting, and developing human rights. Owing to its efforts, human rights in China have greatly improved, adding diversity to human civilization.

全面建成小康社會(huì)是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府為增進(jìn)人民福祉、提高全體人民人權(quán)保障水平、實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化而實(shí)施的一項(xiàng)重大國(guó)家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。2021年7月1日，中共中央總書(shū)記、國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平在北京代表黨和人民莊嚴(yán)宣告，“我們實(shí)現(xiàn)了第一個(gè)百年奮斗目標(biāo)，在中華大地上全面建成了小康社會(huì)，歷史性地解決了絕對(duì)貧困問(wèn)題，正在意氣風(fēng)發(fā)向著全面建成社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國(guó)的第二個(gè)百年奮斗目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)”。這是中國(guó)人權(quán)進(jìn)程中一個(gè)激動(dòng)人心的時(shí)刻、一個(gè)載入史冊(cè)的時(shí)刻、一個(gè)繼往開(kāi)來(lái)的時(shí)刻。

Building China into a moderately prosperous society in all respects is a major strategy designed by the Party and the government to improve the wellbeing of the people, better protect human rights, and achieve modernization of the country. On July 1, 2021, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and president of China, solemnly declared in Beijing on behalf of the Party and the people that we had realized the first centenary goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This means we have brought about a historic resolution to the problem of extreme poverty in China, and we are now marching with confidence towards the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects. It is an exciting moment for human rights in China, a moment that will go down in history, and a moment from which we will forge ahead into the future.

全面建成小康社會(huì)是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨不忘初心、牢記使命的真實(shí)寫(xiě)照。在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)人民奮力決勝全面小康，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)了從貧困到溫飽到總體小康直到全面小康的歷史跨越。

The realization of all-round moderate prosperity shows that the CPC has stayed true to its original aspiration and founding mission. Under the CPC leadership, the Chinese people worked hard in the final stage towards this goal, and finally completed the historic transformation from poverty to secure access to food and clothing, to a decent life, and finally to moderate prosperity.

全面小康是經(jīng)濟(jì)富裕、政治民主、文化繁榮、社會(huì)公平、生態(tài)良好的小康，是城鄉(xiāng)區(qū)域均衡發(fā)展、惠及全體人民的小康，是切實(shí)尊重和全面保障人權(quán)的小康。中國(guó)全面建成小康社會(huì)，夯實(shí)了人權(quán)基礎(chǔ)，豐富了人權(quán)內(nèi)涵，拓寬了人權(quán)視野，意味著人權(quán)的全面發(fā)展和全民共享，譜寫(xiě)了中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的新篇章，創(chuàng)造了人類尊重和保障人權(quán)的奇跡。

Moderate prosperity in China is evident in all respects: a buoyant economy, political democracy, a flourishing culture, social equity, and healthy ecosystems; balanced development between urban and rural areas to the benefit of all the people; and high respect for and comprehensive protection of human rights. China's realization of moderate prosperity serves as a solid foundation for human rights, and takes a deeper and broader perspective on this cause. It represents comprehensive progress in ensuring universal human rights in China, and a new contribution to the world's human rights cause.

一、全面建成小康社會(huì)開(kāi)辟人權(quán)事業(yè)新境界

I. Achieving Moderate Prosperity and Advancing Human Rights

在中國(guó)，“小康”是一個(gè)古老的詞匯，指免于勞苦和匱乏，生活水平處于溫飽與富裕之間的一種較為殷實(shí)幸福的狀態(tài)。享有安寧、祥和與幸福的生活是人們自古以來(lái)的美好愿景。改革開(kāi)放之初，中國(guó)根據(jù)自身具體國(guó)情提出建設(shè)小康社會(huì)的目標(biāo)，蘊(yùn)含著關(guān)注和增進(jìn)民生福祉、保障和促進(jìn)人權(quán)的豐富內(nèi)涵。全面建成小康社會(huì)開(kāi)辟了全面保障人權(quán)的新時(shí)代。

Xiaokang, an ancient term in China, refers to a status of moderate prosperity whereby people are neither rich nor poor but free from want and toil. It has been the people's wish since ancient times to live a life of peace, stability and happiness. In the early period of reform and opening up, based on its own national conditions, China articulated the goal of building a moderately prosperous society, which demonstrated its concern for improving the people's wellbeing, and its commitment to protecting and promoting human rights. The realization of all-round moderate prosperity ushers in a new era for the protection of human rights in all respects. 

1. 全面建成小康社會(huì)的光輝歷程

1. The Journey to Moderate Prosperity

建設(shè)小康社會(huì)是20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家富強(qiáng)、民族復(fù)興、人民幸福的宏偉戰(zhàn)略?；趯?duì)中國(guó)發(fā)展實(shí)際的分析和判斷，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨提出堅(jiān)持以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展帶動(dòng)整個(gè)社會(huì)進(jìn)步。從那時(shí)起，“小康”“全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)”“全面建成小康社會(huì)”成為中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府的階段性?shī)^斗目標(biāo)。

Building a moderately prosperous society has been a grand strategy since the 1980s, designed to realize national prosperity and rejuvenation, and ensure the people's wellbeing in China under the leadership of the CPC. Based on its analysis and judgment of China's realities at that time, the CPC decided to focus on economic development to drive social progress on all fronts. Since then, the CPC and the Chinese government have made it a key goal to build a moderately prosperous society by stages.

1979年12月，鄧小平提出建設(shè)“小康之家”的設(shè)想，創(chuàng)造性地借用“小康”這個(gè)富有中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化特色的概念來(lái)表述“中國(guó)式的現(xiàn)代化”的重要內(nèi)容與目標(biāo)。1982年中共十二大報(bào)告明確，從1981年到20世紀(jì)末的二十年，力爭(zhēng)使全國(guó)工農(nóng)業(yè)的年總產(chǎn)值翻兩番，解決人民的溫飽問(wèn)題。1992年中共十四大報(bào)告指出，11億人民的溫飽問(wèn)題已經(jīng)基本解決，正在向小康邁進(jìn)。

In December 1979, Deng Xiaoping presented the vision of building a xiaokang society. The reference to xiaokang grounded the goal of China's modernization firmly in traditional Chinese culture. The report to the 12th CPC National Congress in 1982 defined the goal to quadruple the annual gross output value of industry and agriculture and secure the people's basic needs in two decades from 1981 to the end of the 20th century. The report to the 14th CPC National Congress in 1992 stated that the country had ensured the basic needs of 1.1 billion Chinese people and was moving on towards xiaokang.

2002年中共十六大報(bào)告宣告，“人民生活總體上實(shí)現(xiàn)了由溫飽到小康的歷史性跨越”，并進(jìn)一步提出“全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)”的目標(biāo)：在本世紀(jì)頭二十年，集中力量，全面建設(shè)惠及十幾億人口的更高水平的小康社會(huì)，使經(jīng)濟(jì)更加發(fā)展、民主更加健全、科教更加進(jìn)步、文化更加繁榮、社會(huì)更加和諧、人民生活更加殷實(shí)。

The report to the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002 declared that on the whole the people had made a historic leap from having only adequate food and clothing to leading a life of moderate prosperity, and set forth the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects: In the first two decades of the 21st century, China would build a society of moderate prosperity of a higher standard in an all-round way to the benefit of over one billion people; China would further develop the economy, improve democracy, advance science and education, promote cultural prosperity, foster social harmony, and upgrade the quality of life for the people.

2012年中共十八大報(bào)告進(jìn)一步提出“確保到2020年實(shí)現(xiàn)全面建成小康社會(huì)宏偉目標(biāo)”，實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展，人民民主不斷擴(kuò)大，人權(quán)得到切實(shí)尊重和保障，文化軟實(shí)力顯著增強(qiáng)，人民生活水平全面提高，資源節(jié)約型、環(huán)境友好型社會(huì)建設(shè)取得重大進(jìn)展。2017年中共十九大報(bào)告提出決勝全面建成小康社會(huì)，要求緊扣中國(guó)社會(huì)主要矛盾變化，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會(huì)建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，攻堅(jiān)克難，使全面建成小康社會(huì)得到人民認(rèn)可、經(jīng)得起歷史檢驗(yàn)。

The report to the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 laid out the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020. According to this report, China's economy would maintain sustained and sound development, people's democracy would be expanded, and human rights would be fully respected and protected. The country's cultural soft power would be improved significantly. Living standards would be raised. Major progress would be made in building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society. 

The report to the 19th CPC National Congress in 2017 pointed out that to succeed in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, China must strive against all difficulties to promote coordinated progress in the economic, political, cultural, social and eco-environmental fields in light of the current principal challenge facing the country, so that the moderately prosperous society it builds earns the people's approval and stands the test of time.

2021年7月1日，中共中央總書(shū)記、國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平在北京代表黨和人民莊嚴(yán)宣告，在中華大地上全面建成了小康社會(huì)。

On July 1, 2021, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and president of China, declared on behalf of the Party and the people that China had realized the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

小康社會(huì)的全面建成，標(biāo)志著中華民族偉大復(fù)興中國(guó)夢(mèng)邁出關(guān)鍵一步，實(shí)現(xiàn)了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府向人民、向歷史作出的莊嚴(yán)承諾。

This is a critical step towards the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, fulfilling the historic commitment of the CPC and the Chinese government to the people.

2. 全面建成小康社會(huì)的人權(quán)內(nèi)涵

2. Steps Taken to Protect Human Rights

全面建成小康社會(huì)的進(jìn)程，也是中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)全方位發(fā)展的進(jìn)程，始終體現(xiàn)和包含著解放人、保障人、發(fā)展人的戰(zhàn)略、目標(biāo)和任務(wù)。

The route to all-round moderate prosperity coincides with comprehensive progress in human rights in China, which involves all the steps necessary to liberate, protect and develop the individual.

全面建成小康社會(huì)首先要保障生存權(quán)。生存是享有一切人權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)。小康社會(huì)建設(shè)將解決溫飽問(wèn)題、保障生存權(quán)作為首要目標(biāo)，不斷滿足人民日益增長(zhǎng)的物質(zhì)文化需要。在全面建成小康社會(huì)進(jìn)程中，人民生活質(zhì)量顯著提高，衣食住行用都有較大改善，生存權(quán)保障水平穩(wěn)步提升。

Prioritizing the right to subsistence. The right to subsistence comes first among all human rights. A moderately prosperous society takes it as the primary goal to secure adequate food and clothing and protect the right to subsistence, and takes further steps to meet the growing material and cultural needs of the people. Visible progress in securing basic needs and remarkable improvements in living standards are the natural results of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

全面建成小康社會(huì)必然要實(shí)現(xiàn)各類人權(quán)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。全面小康強(qiáng)調(diào)保障物質(zhì)文明、政治文明、精神文明、社會(huì)文明、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)成果惠及人民。堅(jiān)持人權(quán)相互依存、不可分割的基本原則，既保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)文化權(quán)利，又保障公民人身權(quán)、人格權(quán)、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)和民主政治權(quán)利，全方位增進(jìn)各類人權(quán)和基本自由。

Realizing the coordinated development of all human rights. A moderately prosperous society emphasizes economic, political, cultural, social, and eco-environmental progress to benefit the people. It upholds the basic principle of interdependence and indivisibility of human rights. To advance all human rights and fundamental freedoms in all respects, it protects economic, social, and cultural rights, political and democratic rights, personal rights, personality rights, and property rights.

全面建成小康社會(huì)就是要促進(jìn)所有人的人權(quán)。全面小康，本質(zhì)上是全民共享人權(quán)的小康。在全面建成小康社會(huì)的歷史進(jìn)程中，中國(guó)構(gòu)建起機(jī)會(huì)公平、規(guī)則公平和權(quán)利公平的社會(huì)公平體系，切實(shí)保障人民平等參與發(fā)展、共同促進(jìn)發(fā)展、共享發(fā)展成果。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)持人權(quán)主體的普遍性，確保全面小康路上不讓一個(gè)人掉隊(duì)；堅(jiān)持共同富裕方針，通過(guò)一部分人先富帶動(dòng)全體人民共富，讓發(fā)展成果平等惠及全民，實(shí)現(xiàn)分配正義；堅(jiān)持法律面前人人平等和不歧視原則，確保全體公民不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財(cái)產(chǎn)狀況、居住期限，一律、無(wú)差別地享有人權(quán)，受到同等的尊重；堅(jiān)持保護(hù)弱勢(shì)群體，以堅(jiān)定決心、精準(zhǔn)思路、有力措施，舉全社會(huì)之力，向絕對(duì)貧困發(fā)起總攻，重點(diǎn)保障貧困地區(qū)、貧困人口的基本權(quán)利。

Advancing the rights of all people. All-round moderate prosperity means all the people enjoy human rights. In the process of creating this society, China has built a system guaranteeing social equity with equal opportunities, equal rules and equal rights, in which all can participate in, contribute to, and enjoy development. 

The CPC and the Chinese government uphold the universality of human rights and ensure that no one is left behind on the way towards prosperity. Holding fast to the principle of common prosperity, they allowed some people to create wealth as a first step to bringing prosperity for all. They have ensured just distribution in order that the fruits of development benefit all people equally. They adhere to the principles of equality before the law and non-discrimination, making sure all citizens are entitled to equal rights and respect without discrimination of any kind, such as ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, birth, religion, education, property, or length of residence. Committed to protecting the basic rights of vulnerable groups, particularly poor people in impoverished areas, they have eliminated extreme poverty by applying strong determination, clear thinking, effective measures, and all resources available.

3. 全面建成小康社會(huì)的人權(quán)意義

3. Reinforced Groundwork for Human Rights

人權(quán)是善治之本。中國(guó)全面建成小康社會(huì)，始終堅(jiān)持尊重人權(quán)、保障人權(quán)、促進(jìn)人權(quán)的價(jià)值遵循，將增加人民的獲得感、幸福感、安全感作為出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)。

Human rights are the foundation of good governance. China has always been committed to respecting, protecting and advancing human rights, and increasing the people's sense of fulfillment, happiness and security. The route to moderate prosperity has reinforced the groundwork for human rights.

全面建成小康社會(huì)為人權(quán)保障與發(fā)展奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。在全面建成小康社會(huì)進(jìn)程中，中國(guó)堅(jiān)定不移貫徹新發(fā)展理念，保持經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期快速增長(zhǎng)，穩(wěn)定解決了十幾億人的溫飽問(wèn)題；破除城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)，改革收入分配格局，人民收入水平不斷提升；開(kāi)展精準(zhǔn)扶貧、精準(zhǔn)脫貧，決勝脫貧攻堅(jiān)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)各類弱勢(shì)群體的保護(hù)；基本建立覆蓋全民的社會(huì)保障體系，人民健康和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生水平大幅提高；建設(shè)完善公共文化服務(wù)體系，全面實(shí)現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)免費(fèi)義務(wù)教育，構(gòu)建高效泛在的信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)；加快生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，實(shí)施環(huán)境保護(hù)基本國(guó)策，污染防治力度加大，生態(tài)環(huán)境明顯改善。全面建成小康社會(huì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化、環(huán)境權(quán)利更加公平可及，各類主體在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、社會(huì)和文化等領(lǐng)域的平等參與和平等發(fā)展，更加切實(shí)和順暢便捷。

Providing a solid material foundation for protecting and developing human rights. In the process of building a moderately prosperous society, China has maintained its commitment to the new development philosophy. The economy has achieved long-term rapid growth and the basic needs of over one billion people have been met. The urban-rural divide has been resolved and the income distribution profile has been reformed to improve living standards. Targeted poverty reduction and eradication has achieved success, strengthening protection of all vulnerable groups. A social security system covering all the people is in place, with better medical services and a higher overall level of health. Public cultural services have improved. Free compulsory education has been realized in both urban and rural areas. An efficient and ubiquitous information network has been set up. With accelerated efforts to build an eco-civilization, a basic national policy of environmental protection has been implemented, measures to prevent and control pollution have intensified, and the eco-environment has notably improved. 

In a moderately prosperous society, economic, political, social, cultural and environmental rights are more equitable and more easily accessible to all people to ensure equal rights to participation and development in all fields.

全面建成小康社會(huì)為人權(quán)保障與發(fā)展奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)民主政治基礎(chǔ)。堅(jiān)持中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民當(dāng)家作主、依法治國(guó)有機(jī)統(tǒng)一，黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制機(jī)制更加完善，人民代表大會(huì)制度、中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、民族區(qū)域自治制度、基層群眾自治制度穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。社會(huì)主義民主政治制度化、規(guī)范化、法治化、程序化建設(shè)不斷推進(jìn)，民主形式更加豐富，民主渠道更加暢通，共建共享的社會(huì)治理格局初步構(gòu)建，人民當(dāng)家作主落實(shí)到國(guó)家政治生活和社會(huì)生活之中，公民權(quán)利更有保障，民主政治權(quán)利更加充分。

Providing a solid political and democratic foundation for protecting and developing human rights. In achieving moderate prosperity, China has ensured that the Party's leadership, the people's position as masters of the country and law-based governance form an indivisible whole. The institutions and mechanisms by which the Party exercises leadership have improved. The system of people's congresses, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of community-level self-governance have developed steadily. 

The institutions, standards and procedures of law-based socialist democracy have improved, with more diverse forms of democracy and wider democratic channels. A social governance model based on collaboration and common interests has taken shape and the principle of the people as masters of the country is put into practice in China's political and social fields. Civil, political and democratic rights are better protected.

全面建成小康社會(huì)推動(dòng)了人權(quán)法治保障持續(xù)加強(qiáng)?！皣?guó)家尊重和保障人權(quán)”載入憲法，成為治國(guó)理政重要原則。全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)上升為國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略，保證憲法全面實(shí)施的體制機(jī)制不斷健全，科學(xué)立法、嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法、公正司法、全民守法深入推進(jìn)，法治國(guó)家、法治政府、法治社會(huì)建設(shè)相互促進(jìn)，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義法治體系日益完善，全社會(huì)法治觀念明顯增強(qiáng)。行政體制改革、國(guó)家監(jiān)察體制改革、司法體制改革取得實(shí)效，權(quán)力運(yùn)行制約和監(jiān)督體系建設(shè)有效實(shí)施。人權(quán)保障法治化水平不斷提升。

Strengthening legal protection for human rights. The Constitution stipulates that the state shall respect and protect human rights, which is an important principle in state governance. Advancing the rule of law has been made a national strategy. Systems and mechanisms to ensure the enforcement of the Constitution are improving. Further progress has been made to ensure sound lawmaking, strict law enforcement, impartial administration of justice, and the observance of law by all. Our efforts to build a country, government, and society based on the rule of law are mutually reinforcing. The system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics has been steadily improved, and public awareness of the rule of law has risen markedly. 

Good progress has been made in reforming the system of government administration, the national supervision system, and the judicial system. Effective measures have been taken to develop other systems to strengthen checks and oversight over the exercise of power. The role of the rule of law in protecting human rights has been enhanced. 

全面建成小康社會(huì)培育了全社會(huì)尊重和保障人權(quán)的文化。全面建成小康社會(huì)，推動(dòng)了中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的創(chuàng)造性轉(zhuǎn)化、創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展，社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀深入人心，公共文化服務(wù)水平不斷提高，文化事業(yè)和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。全面建成小康社會(huì)，更好構(gòu)筑了中國(guó)精神、中國(guó)價(jià)值、中國(guó)力量，文化自信得到彰顯，國(guó)家文化軟實(shí)力和中華文化影響力大幅提升。全面建成小康社會(huì)的過(guò)程，也是每一個(gè)人對(duì)自身價(jià)值、人格尊嚴(yán)和主體地位認(rèn)識(shí)不斷提升的過(guò)程，促進(jìn)了尊重和保障人權(quán)文化氛圍的形成。

Fostering a culture to respect and protect human rights throughout society. In building a moderately prosperous society, China has promoted the creative evolution of fine traditional culture, and rooted the core socialist values among the people. Public cultural services have been improved, with cultural programs and industries flourishing. Endeavors to achieve moderate prosperity have fostered a Chinese spirit, Chinese values, and Chinese strength, and cultivated stronger cultural confidence. China's cultural soft power and the international influence of Chinese culture have increased significantly. The process of achieving moderate prosperity helps everyone improve the understanding of their own value, personal dignity and principal status, fostering a culture that respects and protects human rights. 

二、消除絕對(duì)貧困實(shí)現(xiàn)基本生活水準(zhǔn)權(quán)

II. Ending Extreme Poverty and Securing the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living

貧困是實(shí)現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大障礙。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府高度關(guān)注農(nóng)村貧困問(wèn)題，持續(xù)推進(jìn)扶貧開(kāi)發(fā)事業(yè)，在消除貧困道路上不斷取得新突破。中共十八大以來(lái)，中國(guó)政府把貧困人口全部脫貧作為全面建成小康社會(huì)的底線任務(wù)和標(biāo)志性指標(biāo)，組織實(shí)施了人類歷史上規(guī)?？涨?、力度最大、惠及人口最多的脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，完成了消除絕對(duì)貧困的艱巨任務(wù)。

Poverty is the biggest obstacle to human rights. The CPC and the Chinese government have directed extra attention to rural poverty, furthering development-driven poverty alleviation, and achieving a series of important breakthroughs. The 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 made ending extreme poverty China's benchmark task in achieving moderate prosperity in all respects. By eliminating extreme poverty China has won the biggest and toughest battle against poverty in human history, to the benefit of the largest number of people. 

根據(jù)中國(guó)農(nóng)村居民每人每年生活水平在2300元以下（2010年不變價(jià)）的現(xiàn)行貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，經(jīng)過(guò)中共十八大以來(lái)8年持續(xù)奮斗，到2020年底，中國(guó)現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下9899萬(wàn)農(nóng)村貧困人口全部脫貧，832個(gè)貧困縣全部摘帽，12.8萬(wàn)個(gè)貧困村全部出列，區(qū)域性整體貧困得到解決。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，按照現(xiàn)行貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算，中國(guó)7.7億農(nóng)村貧困人口擺脫貧困；按照世界銀行國(guó)際貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國(guó)減貧人口占同期全球減貧人口70%以上。中國(guó)提前10年實(shí)現(xiàn)《聯(lián)合國(guó)2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》減貧目標(biāo)，為全球減貧事業(yè)發(fā)展和人類發(fā)展進(jìn)步作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。

By the end of 2020, by China's current poverty threshold of RMB2,300 per person per year (based on the 2010 price index), all of the 99 million rural poor, as well as the 832 counties and 128,000 villages classified as poor, had emerged from poverty, and regional poverty was eliminated. 

Since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, 770 million rural poor living below China's poverty line have been raised from poverty; against the World Bank's international poverty line, the number of people lifted out of poverty in China accounts for more than 70 percent of the world total during the same period. China realized its poverty reduction goal from the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 10 years ahead of schedule, representing a significant contribution to global poverty reduction and human progress. 

1. 貧困人口食物權(quán)得到穩(wěn)定保障

1. Securing the Right to Food for the Poor

中國(guó)政府通過(guò)發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)奠定免于饑餓的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系，提升農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力，實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)，解決食物匱乏和營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良問(wèn)題。全國(guó)糧食總產(chǎn)量由1949年的11318萬(wàn)噸提高到2020年的66949萬(wàn)噸。目前，全國(guó)人均糧食占有量超過(guò)474.4公斤，高于人均400公斤的國(guó)際糧食安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)線。通過(guò)增加收入保障貧困人口糧食獲取。建立精準(zhǔn)扶貧、精準(zhǔn)脫貧機(jī)制。貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入，從2013年的6079元增長(zhǎng)到2020年的12588元，2013年至2020年年均增長(zhǎng)11.6%。貧困人口糧谷類食物攝入量穩(wěn)定增加，“不愁吃”問(wèn)題基本解決，重點(diǎn)貧困群體健康營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況明顯改善，免于饑餓的基本權(quán)利得以切實(shí)保障。通過(guò)營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善計(jì)劃保障貧困兒童食物供給。實(shí)施貧困地區(qū)兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善項(xiàng)目，為集中連片特殊困難地區(qū)6－24月齡嬰幼兒每天免費(fèi)提供1包輔食營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充品，截至2020年累計(jì)1120萬(wàn)兒童受益。實(shí)施農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育學(xué)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善計(jì)劃，為學(xué)生提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)膳食補(bǔ)助，覆蓋農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)校13.2萬(wàn)所，每年惠及3800余萬(wàn)名學(xué)生。

China bases its food security on solid agricultural foundations. It has built a modern agrotechnology system, improved comprehensive agricultural productivity, maintained the steady growth of agricultural output, and resolved the problems of insufficient food and undernutrition. China's total grain output increased from 113 million tons in 1949 to 669 million tons in 2020. China's per capita share of grain now exceeds 474 kg, which is comfortably above the international food security threshold of 400 kg. 

China has ensured that all the poor have access to food by increasing their incomes through targeted poverty alleviation. The per capita disposable income of rural residents in poor areas increased from RMB6,079 in 2013 to RMB12,588 in 2020, an average annual increase of 11.6 percent. The amount of grain they consumed increased steadily. Now, the problem of food shortages has been resolved. Key impoverished groups have much better nutrition, and the right to be free from hunger is guaranteed. 

China ensures a proper food supply for poor children through nutrition programs. The Chinese government has implemented the Nutrition Improvement Program for Children in Poor Areas, providing children aged six months to two years in contiguous poverty-stricken areas with free food supplements – one pack per child per day. By 2020, this program had benefited 11.2 million children. There is also a Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Students in Compulsory Education, providing them with nutrition allowances. This program covers 132,000 schools and benefits over 38 million students every year. 

2. 貧困人口飲水安全得到有力保障

2. Ensuring Safe Drinking Water for the Poor

2005年以來(lái)，中國(guó)政府投入大量財(cái)政資金實(shí)施農(nóng)村飲水安全工程，到2015年末共解決了5.2億農(nóng)村居民和4700多萬(wàn)農(nóng)村學(xué)校師生的飲水安全問(wèn)題。農(nóng)村飲水安全問(wèn)題基本得到解決。“十三五”規(guī)劃期間，又實(shí)施農(nóng)村飲水安全鞏固提升工程，累計(jì)解決2889萬(wàn)貧困人口飲水安全問(wèn)題，3.82億農(nóng)村人口受益。貧困地區(qū)自來(lái)水普及率從2015年的70%提高到2020年的83%。各地通過(guò)實(shí)施水源置換、凈化處理、易地搬遷等措施，累計(jì)解決952萬(wàn)農(nóng)村人口飲水型氟超標(biāo)問(wèn)題。

Since 2005, the Chinese government has made an enormous investment in its Safe Drinking Water Program for Rural Areas. By the end of 2015, the program had benefited 520 million rural residents, including 47 million teachers and students. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), it launched an upgraded program, which improved access to safe drinking water for 382 million rural people, including 28.9 million rural poor. Tap water coverage in poor areas increased from 70 percent in 2015 to 83 percent in 2020. Through replacement of water sources, water purification, and population resettlement, China has resolved the problem of excess fluoride in drinking water for 9.52 million rural people. 

3. 貧困地區(qū)義務(wù)教育得到充分保障

3. Providing Compulsory Education in Poor Areas

深入實(shí)施《教育脫貧攻堅(jiān)“十三五”規(guī)劃》和《深度貧困地區(qū)教育脫貧攻堅(jiān)實(shí)施方案（2018－2020年）》，實(shí)現(xiàn)義務(wù)教育有保障，阻斷貧困代際傳遞。大力改善貧困地區(qū)義務(wù)教育學(xué)校辦學(xué)條件，持續(xù)提升義務(wù)教育學(xué)校辦學(xué)水平和教育質(zhì)量。全國(guó)中小學(xué)（含教學(xué)點(diǎn)）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入率達(dá)到100%，擁有多媒體教室的學(xué)校比例達(dá)到95.3%。實(shí)施農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育學(xué)校教師特設(shè)崗位計(jì)劃，吸引更多優(yōu)秀高校畢業(yè)生到農(nóng)村貧困地區(qū)任教。連片特困地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村教師生活補(bǔ)助惠及8萬(wàn)多所學(xué)校、127萬(wàn)名教師，累計(jì)選派19萬(wàn)名教師到邊遠(yuǎn)貧困地區(qū)、邊疆民族地區(qū)支教。建立健全學(xué)生資助體系，不斷提高學(xué)生資助精準(zhǔn)度，對(duì)義務(wù)教育階段建檔立卡家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生全部給予生活費(fèi)補(bǔ)助。全國(guó)每年約1.5億城鄉(xiāng)義務(wù)教育學(xué)生免除雜費(fèi)并獲得免費(fèi)教科書(shū)，約2500萬(wàn)家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生獲得生活補(bǔ)助，約1400萬(wàn)進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女實(shí)現(xiàn)相關(guān)教育經(jīng)費(fèi)可攜帶。農(nóng)村貧困家庭子女義務(wù)教育階段輟學(xué)問(wèn)題實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)清零，2020年貧困縣九年義務(wù)教育鞏固率達(dá)到94.8%。

To guarantee compulsory education and prevent poverty from passing down from one generation to the next, China launched the Plan for Poverty Alleviation Through Education During the 13th Five-year Plan period and the Implementation Plan for Poverty Alleviation Through Education in Severely Impoverished Areas (2018-2020). 

A great effort has been invested in improving school conditions and education quality for compulsory education in poor areas. Now, all primary and secondary schools in China have access to the internet, and 95.3 percent have multimedia classrooms. 

The Program for Special Teaching Posts in Rural Compulsory Education has been implemented to attract more university graduates to teach in poor rural areas. Living subsidies are offered to rural teachers in contiguous poverty-stricken areas, which benefit nearly 1.3 million teachers from more than 80,000 schools. A total of 190,000 teachers have been dispatched to remote and poor areas and to border areas with large ethnic minority populations. 

The system of financial aid to students has been improved to provide targeted assistance. Students from registered poor households all receive living subsidies during their compulsory education. Every year, about 150 million students are given exemption from school fees and textbook fees; about 25 million students in economic difficulty are provided with living subsidies; and about 14 million students from migrant worker families have had their compulsory education subsidies transferred to their urban schools. All students from poor rural households have access to compulsory education, and dropouts are all identified and helped back to school in a timely manner. In 2020, the compulsory education completion rate in poor counties reached 94.8 percent.

4. 貧困人口基本醫(yī)療得到有效保障

4. Providing Essential Medical Services for the Poor

實(shí)施健康扶貧工程，采取綜合措施，保障農(nóng)村貧困人口享有基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)，著力提高農(nóng)村貧困人口醫(yī)療保障水平，緩解因病致貧因病返貧問(wèn)題。持續(xù)完善縣鄉(xiāng)村三級(jí)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系，除符合基本醫(yī)療有保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、可不設(shè)立的外，實(shí)現(xiàn)每個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和每個(gè)行政村都有一個(gè)衛(wèi)生院和衛(wèi)生室并配備合格醫(yī)生，每個(gè)貧困縣至少有1家公立醫(yī)院；98%的貧困縣至少有一家二級(jí)以上醫(yī)院；貧困群眾常見(jiàn)病、慢性病基本能夠就近獲得及時(shí)診治。把貧困人口全部納入基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、大病保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療救助三重制度保障范圍，貧困人口基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保率穩(wěn)定在99.9%以上，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)保盡保。實(shí)施大病集中救治、慢病簽約管理、重病兜底保障等措施，農(nóng)村貧困人口大病專項(xiàng)救治病種數(shù)量增加到30種，包括兒童先心病、兒童白血病、胃癌、食道癌、結(jié)腸癌、重性精神疾病等。2000多萬(wàn)貧困患者得到分類救治，曾經(jīng)被病魔困擾的家庭挺起了生活的脊梁。

China launched the Health Care Program for Poverty Alleviation, taking comprehensive measures to guarantee access to essential medical services for the rural poor, and to prevent them from falling back into poverty due to ill health. 

Continuous efforts have been made to improve the three-tiered medical services system at village, township and county levels. Every village has a clinic, and every town or township has a health center served by licensed doctors, except for villages, towns and townships that already satisfy the requirements for basic medical services. Each of the counties formerly classified as poor has at least one public hospital, and 98 percent of them have at least one Grade II hospital. The aim is to ensure the poor can have common ailments and chronic diseases treated at nearby medical institutions in a timely manner. 

All poor populations have access to basic medical insurance, serious illness insurance, and medical assistance. Basic medical insurance coverage of the poor remains almost 100 percent. Measures have been taken to ensure medical treatment to those with serious illnesses, contracted health care to those with chronic illnesses, and guaranteed medical services for those with critical illnesses. Now, 30 illnesses are covered by special funds for serious illnesses of the rural poor, including congenital heart defects in children, leukemia in children, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, and serious mental illnesses. The funds have supported treatment for more than 20 million poor patients, relieving their families of the financial burden incurred by medical expenses.

5. 貧困人口住房安全得到切實(shí)保障

5. Ensuring Safe Housing for the Poor

通過(guò)農(nóng)村危房改造、建設(shè)集體公租房等措施，幫助數(shù)千萬(wàn)貧困農(nóng)民告別原來(lái)的破舊泥草房、土坯房等危房，住上安全房，農(nóng)房抗震防災(zāi)能力和居住舒適度得到顯著提升，農(nóng)村貧困人口住有所居和基本住房安全得到切實(shí)保障。其中，2008年至2020年，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)投入2842.5億元補(bǔ)助資金，支持2762.2萬(wàn)戶建檔立卡貧困戶、低保戶、農(nóng)村分散供養(yǎng)特困人員、貧困殘疾人家庭等貧困群眾改造危房，幫助8000多萬(wàn)農(nóng)村貧困人口住上了安全住房。

To guarantee safe housing for the rural poor, China has launched programs such as the renovation of dilapidated rural homes and construction of rural public rental housing. Tens of millions of people have had their dilapidated mud-and-straw dwellings replaced by safe homes which are more comfortable and offer better protection against earthquakes. The right to housing and basic housing safety of the rural poor were fundamentally guaranteed.

Between 2008 and 2020, the central government allocated a total of RMB284 billion for the renovation of 27.6 million dilapidated homes, targeting registered poor households, households entitled to subsistence allowances, severely impoverished rural residents cared for at their homes with government support, and impoverished families of individuals with disabilities. These funds have helped to guarantee access to safe housing for 80 million rural poor. 

三、以發(fā)展促人權(quán)增進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)文化權(quán)利

III. Boosting Human Rights with Development and Securing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

在全面建成小康社會(huì)進(jìn)程中，中國(guó)堅(jiān)持以發(fā)展促人權(quán)，推動(dòng)全面落實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)權(quán)利、文化教育權(quán)利以及生態(tài)環(huán)境權(quán)利，人民生活更加富足安康、和諧幸福。

In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, China is committed to boosting human rights with development and securing economic, social, cultural, educational and environmental rights. As a result, its people now lead more prosperous, secure, harmonious and happier lives. 

1. 疫情防控奉行生命至上

1. Putting Life First in Fighting Covid-19

新冠肺炎疫情是百年以來(lái)人類經(jīng)歷的最嚴(yán)重的全球公共衛(wèi)生突發(fā)事件。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持人民至上、生命至上，不惜付出巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)代價(jià)，在疫情暴發(fā)之初就采取最全面最嚴(yán)格最有力的防控措施，有力扭轉(zhuǎn)了疫情局勢(shì)，維護(hù)人民生命安全和身體健康。

The Covid-19 pandemic is the most serious global health emergency in a century. Facing this crisis, China has put the people's interests first – nothing is more precious than people's lives. It has adopted thorough, rigorous and effective prevention and control measures, regardless of huge economic and social costs. It has turned the tide in the battle against the virus and safeguarded people's lives and health.

疫情暴發(fā)初期，中國(guó)舉全國(guó)之力實(shí)施了規(guī)模空前的生命大救援，從全國(guó)調(diào)集最優(yōu)秀的醫(yī)生、最先進(jìn)的設(shè)備、最急需的資源千里馳援武漢市和湖北省。2020年1月24日至3月8日，全國(guó)共調(diào)集346支國(guó)家醫(yī)療隊(duì)、4.26萬(wàn)名醫(yī)務(wù)人員、900多名公共衛(wèi)生人員馳援湖北；緊急調(diào)集4萬(wàn)名建設(shè)者和幾千臺(tái)機(jī)械設(shè)備，分別僅用十多天時(shí)間就建成了有1000張病床的火神山醫(yī)院、有1600張病床的雷神山醫(yī)院和共有1.4萬(wàn)余張床位的16座方艙醫(yī)院。湖北省共成功治愈3000余位80歲以上、7位百歲以上患者，多位重癥老年患者都是從死亡線上搶救回來(lái)，充分體現(xiàn)了對(duì)每一個(gè)生命的尊重和保護(hù)。

In the early days of the epidemic, China mobilized the whole nation and carried out a campaign to save lives on an unprecedented scale. It pooled the best doctors, the most advanced equipment, and critical supplies from across the country to aid Hubei Province, especially its capital city of Wuhan. 

From January 24 to March 8, 2020, it rallied 346 national medical teams, consisting of 42,600 medical workers and more than 900 public health professionals to the immediate aid of Hubei; it mobilized 40,000 construction workers and a huge array of machinery and equipment to build the 1,000-bed Huoshenshan Hospital in 10 days, the 1,600-bed Leishenshan Hospital in 12 days, and 16 temporary treatment centers providing more than 14,000 beds in just over 10 days. Across Hubei, more than 3,000 patients over the age of 80, including seven centenarians, were cured, with many of them brought back to life from the verge of death. This fully demonstrated that the state respects and protects each and every life.

全力以赴救治患者，不遺漏每一個(gè)感染者，不放棄每一位病患者，及時(shí)出臺(tái)救治費(fèi)用保障政策，確?；颊卟灰蛸M(fèi)用問(wèn)題影響就醫(yī)、醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)不因費(fèi)用問(wèn)題影響收治，最大程度提高了治愈率，降低了病亡率。堅(jiān)持常態(tài)化精準(zhǔn)防控和局部應(yīng)急處置有機(jī)結(jié)合，不斷鞏固疫情防控成果。大力推進(jìn)新冠疫苗接種，加快構(gòu)筑免疫屏障。

China did everything possible to treat all patients. The government promptly adopted policies to subsidize medical expenses for Covid-19 to ensure that patients could receive timely treatment and that medical institutions could proceed smoothly with admission and treatment. They proved to be very effective in raising the cure rate and lowering the fatality rate. 

China has combined ongoing targeted control and local emergency response, and consolidated the gains in its fight against Covid-19. It is making every effort to vaccinate its people and moving faster to form nationwide immunity. 

2. 衛(wèi)生健康服務(wù)公平可及

2. Ensuring Equitable and Accessible Health Services

沒(méi)有全民健康，就沒(méi)有全面小康。中國(guó)把人民健康放在優(yōu)先發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略位置，實(shí)施健康中國(guó)戰(zhàn)略，推進(jìn)健康中國(guó)行動(dòng)，推行普惠高效的基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)，不斷提升醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的公平性、可及性、便利性和可負(fù)擔(dān)性。

Prosperity for all is impossible without health for all. China gives top priority to improving its people's health. It is carrying out the Healthy China initiative and has worked out action plans to ensure that basic public health services are inclusive and efficient, and to make health and medical services more equitable, accessible, convenient and affordable. 

公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系基本形成。全國(guó)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)（包含醫(yī)院、基層醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)、專業(yè)公共衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)）由1978年的17萬(wàn)個(gè)大幅增長(zhǎng)到2020年的102.3萬(wàn)個(gè)。包括疾病預(yù)防控制、健康教育、婦幼保健、精神衛(wèi)生防治、應(yīng)急救治、采供血、衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督等各種專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)在內(nèi)的公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系基本形成。公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)范圍不斷擴(kuò)大。城鄉(xiāng)居民免費(fèi)享受的基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項(xiàng)目由2010年的9類擴(kuò)展到2020年的12類，項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容覆蓋居民生命的全過(guò)程。持續(xù)實(shí)施腦卒中、心血管疾病高危篩查、口腔疾病綜合干預(yù)、癌癥早診早治等項(xiàng)目，慢性病防控效果顯著增強(qiáng)。主要傳染性疾病得到有效遏制。通過(guò)提升免疫規(guī)劃疫苗接種率，中國(guó)在2000年消滅了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎，在2012年消除了新生兒破傷風(fēng)，在2020年消除了瘧疾，2021年被世界衛(wèi)生組織認(rèn)證為無(wú)瘧疾國(guó)家。艾滋病整體疫情控制在低流行水平，結(jié)核病成功治療率保持在90%以上。

A basic public health services system is in place. The number of medical and health institutions in China, including hospitals, grassroots medical institutions and specialized public health institutions, increased from 170,000 in 1978 to over 1 million in 2020. A public health services system consisting of various specialized institutions has taken shape, providing disease prevention and control, health education, maternal and child health care, mental health care, emergency response, blood collection and supply, health inspection, and other services. 

The range of public health services is expanding. Free basic public health services increased from nine categories in 2010 to 12 categories in 2020, spanning the entire life cycle. The state promotes many preventive services, such as screening for stroke and cardiovascular disease risk, comprehensive oral disease prevention and intervention, and early screening and treatment of cancer. China's capacity to prevent and control chronic illnesses has improved remarkably. Major infectious diseases have been effectively contained. By raising the vaccination rates under the national immunization program, China eradicated polio in 2000 and neonatal tetanus in 2012. It eliminated malaria in 2020 and was awarded a malaria-free certification from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. The spread of HIV remains at a low level, and the cure rate of tuberculosis is maintained at over 90 percent.

醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系不斷健全。中國(guó)致力于建立優(yōu)質(zhì)高效的整合型醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系，改善醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生資源的可及性和便利性，提高醫(yī)療服務(wù)質(zhì)量和效率，居民就醫(yī)感受明顯改善。2020年，全國(guó)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)床位總數(shù)達(dá)911萬(wàn)張，其中醫(yī)院713萬(wàn)張，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院139萬(wàn)張；衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員總數(shù)達(dá)1066萬(wàn)人，其中執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師和執(zhí)業(yè)助理醫(yī)師408萬(wàn)人，注冊(cè)護(hù)士471萬(wàn)人；全年總診療人次78.2億人次，孕產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)前檢查率達(dá)96.8%，住院分娩率為99.9%。合理配置醫(yī)療資源，構(gòu)建“基層首診、雙向轉(zhuǎn)診、急慢分治、上下聯(lián)動(dòng)”的分級(jí)診療服務(wù)體系。取消以藥補(bǔ)醫(yī)機(jī)制，建立基本藥物制度，各級(jí)各類公立醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)全面配備優(yōu)先使用基本藥物，實(shí)行零差率銷售。

China's medical services system has been improving. The country is committed to building an integrated medical services system of high quality and efficiency and improving the availability and accessibility of medical resources. As a result, public satisfaction with medical services is rising notably. 

In 2020, the number of beds in medical institutions across the country reached 9.1 million, including 7.1 million beds in hospitals and 1.4 million in township-level health centers. There were 10.7 million health professionals, including 4.1 million licensed doctors and assistant doctors and 4.7 million registered nurses. That year recorded 7.8 billion medical visits. The rate of prenatal care was 96.8 percent, and the rate of hospital deliveries reached 99.9 percent. 

China provides a reasonable distribution of medical resources. It is building a tiered treatment system featuring primary treatment at the community level, flexible inter-hospital patient transfer, differentiated treatment for acute and chronic illnesses, and coordination across different levels. It has put an end to the practice of hospitals subsidizing their medical services with drug sales and established a system of essential medicines. All government-funded medical institutions across the country are supplied with essential medicines, which are guaranteed to meet priority health care needs and sold with zero markup.

人民健康指標(biāo)穩(wěn)步改善。居民主要健康指標(biāo)總體上優(yōu)于中高收入國(guó)家平均水平。中國(guó)人均預(yù)期壽命從1981年的67.8歲增長(zhǎng)到2019年的77.3歲。嬰兒死亡率從改革開(kāi)放初期的37.6‰下降到2020年的5.4‰。孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率從2002年的43.2/10萬(wàn)下降到2020年的16.9/10萬(wàn)，被世界衛(wèi)生組織譽(yù)為“發(fā)展中國(guó)家的典范”“婦幼健康高績(jī)效國(guó)家”?；踞t(yī)療衛(wèi)生與健康促進(jìn)法通過(guò)并實(shí)施，為全方位全周期維護(hù)人民健康、實(shí)施健康中國(guó)戰(zhàn)略提供法治保障。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展，國(guó)家不斷引導(dǎo)居民形成健康的生活方式。城鄉(xiāng)居民在工作之余鍛煉身體、關(guān)注飲食健康已經(jīng)成為普遍的社會(huì)風(fēng)氣。

Public health indicators are steadily improving. The core health indicators of the Chinese have generally surpassed the average level of middle- and high-income countries. The average life expectancy in China rose from 67.8 years in 1981 to 77.3 years in 2019. Infant mortality declined from 37.6 per 1,000 in the early days of reform and opening up to 5.4 per 1,000 in 2020; and maternal mortality dropped from 43.2 per 100,000 in 2002 to 16.9 per 100,000 in 2020. In recognition of its achievements, China has been hailed by the WHO as a role model for developing countries and a fast-track country in improving maternal and child health. 

The Law on the Promotion of Basic Medical and Health Care has been adopted and implemented, providing a legal guarantee for comprehensive health care for the full life cycle and for the Healthy China initiative. With steady social and economic improvement, the state devotes itself to helping citizens develop healthy lifestyles. A social atmosphere has taken shape where both urban and rural residents do regular exercise in their spare time and pay attention to a healthy diet. 

3. 生活質(zhì)量顯著提高

3. Upgrading the Quality of Life

居民收入水平持續(xù)提升。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)，人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從1978年的385元增至2020年的72000元。2020年，全國(guó)居民人均可支配收入達(dá)到32189元。居民消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)日益優(yōu)化。2020年全國(guó)居民恩格爾系數(shù)為30.2%，比1978年降低33.7個(gè)百分點(diǎn)?；揪幼l件顯著改善。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均住房建筑面積從1978年的4.2平方米增長(zhǎng)到2019年的39.8平方米；農(nóng)村居民人均住房建筑面積從1978年的8.1平方米增長(zhǎng)到2019年的48.9平方米。城市人均公園綠地面積從1981年的1.5平方米增長(zhǎng)到2019年的14.36平方米。實(shí)施城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程，幫助約2億困難群眾改善了住房條件。交通基礎(chǔ)網(wǎng)絡(luò)日益完善，人民出行更加安全便利。截至2020年，全國(guó)鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)里程達(dá)14.6萬(wàn)公里，其中高速鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)里程3.8萬(wàn)公里。公路總里程達(dá)519.81萬(wàn)公里，其中高速公路里程16.1萬(wàn)公里。城市軌道交通運(yùn)營(yíng)里程達(dá)7354.7公里。信息化生活品質(zhì)大幅提升。中國(guó)政府大力實(shí)施新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，讓人民群眾享受更多的信息化發(fā)展成果。2020年，全國(guó)移動(dòng)電話普及率達(dá)113.9部/百人；互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率達(dá)70.4%，其中農(nóng)村地區(qū)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率為55.9%。截至2021年6月，全國(guó)已建設(shè)開(kāi)通5G基站84.7萬(wàn)個(gè)。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在線購(gòu)物等消費(fèi)新業(yè)態(tài)蓬勃發(fā)展。2020年，全國(guó)網(wǎng)絡(luò)購(gòu)物用戶規(guī)模達(dá)7.82億，占網(wǎng)民整體的79.1%；全國(guó)網(wǎng)絡(luò)零售額11.76萬(wàn)億元，比2019年增長(zhǎng)10.9%。

Incomes continue to rise. For four decades, China's economy has been growing steadily. From 1978 to 2020, the country's per capita GDP increased from RMB385 to RMB72,000. In 2020, the average per capita disposable income was RMB32,189. Consumption patterns are improving. In 2020, the Engel coefficient was 30.2 percent, down 33.7 percentage points from 1978. Housing conditions have improved markedly. In 2019, the per capita floor space of urban residents was 39.8 sq m, up from 4.2 sq m in 1978, and that of rural residents was 48.9 sq m, up from 8.1 sq m in 1978. Urban park green space per capita increased from 1.5 sq m in 1981 to 14.36 sq m in 2019. Construction projects have been launched to provide affordable housing to urban residents, helping nearly 200 million poor people improve their housing conditions. 

China's transport infrastructure network has been improving steadily, resulting in more convenient and safer public transport. By the end of 2020, the country's rail length had grown to 146,000 km, and high-speed rail had reached 38,000 km; road length had increased to 5.2 million km, including 161,000 km of expressways; urban rail transit had reached 7,355 km. 

The availability of IT applications has improved greatly. The Chinese government makes great efforts to develop new types of infrastructure to ensure that the people benefit more from the use of information technology. In 2020, every 100 people had 113.9 mobile phones; internet usage was 70.4 percent nationwide and 55.9 percent in rural areas. By June 2021, 847,000 5G base stations had been built and put into operation across the country. New business forms represented by online shopping are thriving. In 2020, there were 782 million online shoppers, accounting for 79.1 percent of all internet users, and nationwide online retail sales reached RMB11.8 trillion, up 10.9 percent from 2019.

4. 就業(yè)更加充分

4. Maximizing Employment

中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)持實(shí)施就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，推動(dòng)“大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬(wàn)眾創(chuàng)新”，突出強(qiáng)調(diào)“要優(yōu)先穩(wěn)就業(yè)保民生”，致力實(shí)現(xiàn)充分就業(yè)、體面就業(yè)、和諧就業(yè)的美好愿景。建立起覆蓋省、市、縣、街道（鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)）、社區(qū)（村）的五級(jí)公共就業(yè)服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系。截至2020年，全國(guó)共有人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)4.58萬(wàn)家，全年為2.9億人次勞動(dòng)者提供了就業(yè)、擇業(yè)和流動(dòng)服務(wù)；全國(guó)就業(yè)人數(shù)為75064萬(wàn)人，其中城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人數(shù)為46271萬(wàn)人。2019年，中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1352萬(wàn)人，連續(xù)7年保持在1300萬(wàn)人以上。在新冠肺炎疫情帶來(lái)的不利影響下，2020年中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)仍達(dá)到1186萬(wàn)人。民營(yíng)企業(yè)提供了80%以上城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)崗位。新產(chǎn)業(yè)新業(yè)態(tài)新模式不斷涌現(xiàn)，創(chuàng)造了大量兼職就業(yè)、靈活就業(yè)崗位。勞動(dòng)者工資收入快速增長(zhǎng)，城鎮(zhèn)非私營(yíng)單位就業(yè)人員年均工資從1978年的615元增加到2019年的90501元。

China advocates an employment-first strategy and a proactive employment policy. It encourages widespread entrepreneurship and innovation, and gives top priority to ensuring stability in employment and people's wellbeing. It is committed to realizing fuller employment, with decent jobs for all and harmonious labor relations. It has established a five-tiered employment services network covering the province, city, county, sub-district/township, and community/village levels. 

As of 2020, there were 45,800 employment services agencies in China, helping 290 million people find temporary or long-term work; China's employed population reached 750 million, of whom 463 million were in urban areas. In 2019, the growth in new jobs in urban areas was 13.5 million, and the figure had remained above 13 million for seven consecutive years. In 2020, despite the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, there were 11.9 million new jobs in urban areas. 

Private enterprises provide more than 80 percent of urban jobs. New industries and new business forms and models continue to emerge, creating a large number of part-time or flexible jobs. Workers' incomes are increasing rapidly. The average annual salary of employees in urban non-private units rose from RMB615 in 1978 to RMB90,501 in 2019. 

5. 公共文化服務(wù)不斷優(yōu)化

5. Enhancing Public Cultural Services

經(jīng)過(guò)40多年的發(fā)展，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的公共文化服務(wù)體系不斷完善，文藝創(chuàng)作持續(xù)繁榮，文化體育事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。2020年，全國(guó)共有公共圖書(shū)館3212個(gè)，博物館5788家，文化館3321個(gè)，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站32825個(gè)，村級(jí)綜合性文化服務(wù)中心575384個(gè)。全年出版各類報(bào)紙277億份，各類期刊20億冊(cè)，圖書(shū)101億冊(cè)（張），人均圖書(shū)擁有量達(dá)7.24冊(cè)（張）。全國(guó)廣播節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率為99.4%，電視節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率為99.6%。全年生產(chǎn)電視劇202部7476集，電視動(dòng)畫(huà)片116688分鐘，故事影片531部，科教、紀(jì)錄、動(dòng)畫(huà)和特種影片119部。實(shí)施廣播電視戶戶通工程、農(nóng)村電影放映工程、農(nóng)家書(shū)屋工程等文化惠民工程，促進(jìn)基本公共文化服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、均等化，保障人民群眾基本文化權(quán)益。公共數(shù)字文化工程累計(jì)建設(shè)可供全國(guó)共享的數(shù)字資源約1274TB，數(shù)字圖書(shū)館推廣工程已覆蓋全國(guó)39家省級(jí)圖書(shū)館、376家市級(jí)圖書(shū)館，服務(wù)輻射2760個(gè)縣級(jí)圖書(shū)館。建設(shè)完善公共體育場(chǎng)、全民健身中心、體育公園、健身步道、足球場(chǎng)、多功能健身場(chǎng)地等多種類型的全民健身場(chǎng)地設(shè)施，倡導(dǎo)全民健身。2020年，全國(guó)共有體育場(chǎng)地371.3萬(wàn)個(gè)，體育場(chǎng)地面積31億平方米，人均體育場(chǎng)地面積2.2平方米，行政村“農(nóng)民體育健身工程”基本實(shí)現(xiàn)全覆蓋，經(jīng)常參加體育鍛煉人數(shù)比例達(dá)37.2%。

Over the past four decades, China's public cultural services have continued to improve. Art, literature, culture and sports are thriving. 

In 2020, China had 3,212 public libraries, 5,788 museums, 3,321 cultural centers, 32,825 township-level cultural stations, and 575,384 village-level cultural service centers. In publishing, 27.7 billion copies of newspapers, 2 billion copies of magazines, and 10.1 billion copies of books were issued, a per capita average of 7.2 books.

In 2020, the coverage of radio programs was 99.4 percent, and the coverage of TV programs 99.6 percent. The country produced 202 TV series, TV animations with a total length of 116,688 minutes, 531 feature films, and 119 popular science films, documentaries, animated cartoons and special films. Public-interest cultural initiatives to ensure radio and television coverage for all households, bring cinema to rural communities, and set up rural libraries were implemented to provide consistent and equal access to basic public cultural services and to protect the people's basic cultural rights and interests.

In 2020, a total of 1,274 terabytes of public cultural resources were created through projects under the public digital cultural services program. Among them, the digital library project covered 39 provincial-level and 376 city-level libraries, with services radiating into 2,760 county-level libraries. 

The state is promoting a national fitness program. Sports venues of various types have been built or renovated, including public stadiums, fitness centers, sports parks, running trails, soccer fields, and multifunctional fitness facilities. In 2020, there were 3.7 million sports venues in China, with a total floor area of 3.1 billion sq m (2.2 sq m per capita); 37.2 percent of the population took part in regular exercise; the rural fitness program covered almost all villages.

6. 受教育權(quán)利得到更好保障

6. Guaranteeing the Right to Education

中國(guó)堅(jiān)持教育公益性原則，把教育公平作為國(guó)家基本教育政策，受教育權(quán)保障水平顯著提升。全國(guó)學(xué)前三年毛入園率從2010年的56.6%提高到2020年的85.2%，實(shí)現(xiàn)了學(xué)前教育基本普及。2020年，全國(guó)九年義務(wù)教育鞏固率為95.2%，義務(wù)教育普及程度達(dá)到世界高收入國(guó)家的平均水平。殘疾兒童義務(wù)教育入學(xué)率達(dá)95%以上。建立覆蓋從學(xué)前教育到研究生教育的全學(xué)段學(xué)生資助政策體系，不讓一個(gè)孩子因家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難而輟學(xué)的目標(biāo)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)。傾斜支持農(nóng)村教育、中西部地區(qū)教育，全國(guó)96.8%的縣實(shí)現(xiàn)義務(wù)教育基本均衡發(fā)展，更多農(nóng)村和中西部地區(qū)孩子享受到更好更公平的教育。全國(guó)高中階段教育毛入學(xué)率從2000年的42.8%提高到2020年的91.2%，超過(guò)中等偏上收入國(guó)家平均水平；高等教育毛入學(xué)率從2000年的12.5%提高到2020年的54.4%，高等教育在學(xué)總規(guī)模超過(guò)4000萬(wàn)人，建成世界上最大規(guī)模的高等教育體系。

China runs education for the public good and regards equal access to education as a basic national education policy. It has made significant progress in protecting the right to education. The gross enrollment rate in three-year preschool education rose to 85.2 percent in 2020 from 56.6 percent in 2010. In 2020, the completion rate of compulsory education was 95.2 percent, and the availability of compulsory education reached the average level of high-income countries. More than 95 percent of children with disabilities received compulsory education. 

The state has established a policy system for subsidizing students with financial difficulties, which offers full coverage from preschool to postgraduate education. As a result, the goal of ensuring that no student drops out of school due to financial difficulties has now been largely achieved. The state gives more support to education in rural areas and central and western regions. Thanks to this, 96.8 percent of the counties nationwide have realized balanced compulsory education, and more children in rural areas and central and western regions enjoy better access to quality education. 

The gross enrollment rate in senior secondary education increased from 42.8 percent in 2000 to 91.2 percent in 2020, higher than the average of upper-middle-income countries. The gross enrollment rate in higher education rose from 12.5 percent in 2000 to 54.4 percent in 2020. China has built the world's largest higher education system, with over 40 million students on campus. 

7. 社會(huì)保障體系覆蓋全民

7. Expanding Social Security to Cover All Citizens

社會(huì)保障是保障和改善民生、維護(hù)社會(huì)公平、增進(jìn)人民福祉的基本制度保障。2020年，全國(guó)參加職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)3.4億人，參加城鄉(xiāng)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)10.2億人，參?？?cè)藬?shù)超過(guò)13.6億人；參加生育保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)23567萬(wàn)人。截至2021年6月，全國(guó)參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)46709萬(wàn)人，參加城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)54735萬(wàn)人；參加失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)22229萬(wàn)人；參加工傷保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)27399萬(wàn)人，其中參加工傷保險(xiǎn)的農(nóng)民工9082萬(wàn)人；參加生育保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)23546萬(wàn)人。國(guó)家還通過(guò)城鄉(xiāng)居民大病保險(xiǎn)等補(bǔ)充保險(xiǎn)，在基本醫(yī)保制度之外對(duì)大病患者高額醫(yī)療費(fèi)用予以保障。構(gòu)筑以最低生活保障、特困人員救助供養(yǎng)、受災(zāi)人員救助、醫(yī)療救助、教育救助、住房救助、就業(yè)救助、臨時(shí)救助等為主體，社會(huì)力量參與為補(bǔ)充，應(yīng)救盡救的綜合性社會(huì)救助體系。截至2020年，全國(guó)共有805萬(wàn)人獲得城市最低生活保障，3621萬(wàn)人獲得農(nóng)村最低生活保障，31萬(wàn)人獲得城市特困人員救助供養(yǎng)，447萬(wàn)人獲得農(nóng)村特困人員救助供養(yǎng)，全年臨時(shí)救助1341萬(wàn)人次，全國(guó)共實(shí)施醫(yī)療救助18608萬(wàn)人次，支出資金546.8億元。為保障受疫情影響困難群眾基本生活，2020年為困難群眾發(fā)放價(jià)格臨時(shí)補(bǔ)貼資金218億元，惠及4億人次；受疫情影響，困難群眾有244萬(wàn)人新納入低保，有254萬(wàn)人次獲得臨時(shí)救助。

Social security is a basic institutional guarantee for safeguarding and improving people's lives, ensuring social equity and enhancing their sense of wellbeing. 

In 2020, 340 million people were covered by basic medical insurance for urban workers, and 1.02 billion by basic medical insurance for rural and non-working urban residents – a total of 1.36 billion. As of June 2021, basic old-age insurance for urban workers covered 467 million people, basic old-age insurance for rural and non-working urban residents covered 547 million, and unemployment insurance covered 222 million. Work-related injury insurance covered 274 million, 90.8 million of whom were migrant workers. Childbirth insurance covered more than 235 million people. In addition, the state has established a serious illness insurance covering both urban and rural residents, which is a supplement to the basic medical insurance systems, reimbursing the victims of serious illnesses for their high medical expenses. 

China has established a comprehensive and inclusive social assistance system whose main provisions are subsistence allowances, assistance and support for severely impoverished people, disaster relief, medical assistance, education assistance, housing assistance, employment assistance, and temporary assistance, supplemented by public participation. At the end of 2020, 8 million people lived on urban subsistence allowances, 36.2 million on rural subsistence allowances, 310,000 on assistance and support for urban residents in extreme difficulty, and 4.5 million on assistance and support for rural residents in extreme difficulty. In 2020, 13.4 million received temporary assistance; 186 million received medical assistance worth of RMB54.7 billion. 

To guarantee a basic living to people in difficulties caused by Covid-19, the government provided temporary subsidies totaling RMB21.8 billion to residents in need when the Consumer Price Index fluctuates beyond a certain range, benefitting 400 million people. Due to impact from Covid-19, subsistence allowances were extended to an additional 2.4 million people facing difficulties, and 2.5 million received temporary assistance. 

8. 生態(tài)環(huán)境持續(xù)改善

8. Improving the Eco-environment

良好生態(tài)環(huán)境是最普惠的民生福祉。中共十八大以來(lái)，將生態(tài)文明建設(shè)納入國(guó)家發(fā)展“五位一體”總體布局，倡導(dǎo)“綠水青山就是金山銀山”綠色發(fā)展理念，嚴(yán)守生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，堅(jiān)決打好污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，推進(jìn)美麗中國(guó)建設(shè)，切實(shí)保護(hù)公民環(huán)境權(quán)利。堅(jiān)決打贏藍(lán)天保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)，空氣更加清新。2020年，全國(guó)萬(wàn)元國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值二氧化碳排放較2005年下降48.4%，提前完成比2005年下降40%至45%的碳排放目標(biāo)。天然氣、水電、核電、風(fēng)電等清潔能源消費(fèi)量占能源消費(fèi)總量比重從2016年的19.1%上升到2020年的24.3%（初步核算數(shù)）。全國(guó)337個(gè)地級(jí)及以上城市中，2020年空氣質(zhì)量達(dá)標(biāo)的城市占59.9%。著力打好碧水保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)，水質(zhì)持續(xù)優(yōu)化。2020年，1940個(gè)國(guó)家地表水考核斷面中，水質(zhì)優(yōu)良（Ⅰ－Ⅲ類）斷面比例為83.4%，比2019年上升8.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；劣Ⅴ類斷面比例為0.6%，比2019年下降2.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；全國(guó)近岸海域優(yōu)良（一、二類）水質(zhì)比例為77.4%，比2019年上升0.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；劣四類水質(zhì)比例為9.4%，比2019年下降2.3個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。扎實(shí)推進(jìn)凈土保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)，土壤環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)得到有效管控。制定土壤污染防治法，實(shí)施土壤污染防治行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。以農(nóng)用地和重點(diǎn)行業(yè)企業(yè)用地為重點(diǎn)，開(kāi)展土壤污染狀況詳查。2014年至2019年，全國(guó)依法依規(guī)關(guān)停涉重金屬行業(yè)企業(yè)3500余家，實(shí)施金屬減排工程850多個(gè)。開(kāi)展農(nóng)用地土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量類別劃分、治理修復(fù)等工作，農(nóng)用地土壤環(huán)境狀況總體穩(wěn)定。全面禁止洋垃圾入境，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)固體廢物零進(jìn)口。人居環(huán)境不斷改善。2020年，全國(guó)農(nóng)村衛(wèi)生廁所普及率超過(guò)68%，生活垃圾進(jìn)行收運(yùn)處理的行政村比例超過(guò)90%，全國(guó)農(nóng)村生活污水治理率達(dá)25.5%；46個(gè)重點(diǎn)城市生活垃圾分類覆蓋居民8300萬(wàn)戶，居民小區(qū)覆蓋率94.6%，地級(jí)及以上城市建成區(qū)黑臭水體消除比例超過(guò)90%。實(shí)施最嚴(yán)格的生態(tài)保護(hù)。截至2020年，全國(guó)共建立自然保護(hù)地近萬(wàn)處，保護(hù)面積覆蓋陸域國(guó)土面積的18%，約90%的陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型和85%的重點(diǎn)野生動(dòng)物種群得到有效保護(hù)。全國(guó)森林覆蓋率由20世紀(jì)70年代初的12.7%提高到2020年的23.04%。在全球森林面積持續(xù)凈損失達(dá)1.78億公頃的不利形勢(shì)下，中國(guó)森林面積近十年年凈增約249.9萬(wàn)公頃，居全球第一。2012年至2021年6月，累計(jì)完成防沙治沙任務(wù)面積超過(guò)1900萬(wàn)公頃，封禁保護(hù)面積達(dá)到177.2萬(wàn)公頃。中國(guó)率先實(shí)現(xiàn)了荒漠化土地零增長(zhǎng)，為實(shí)現(xiàn)《聯(lián)合國(guó)2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》提出的2030年全球退化土地零增長(zhǎng)目標(biāo)作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。

A sound eco-environment is the most inclusive benefit to people's wellbeing. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the central leadership has incorporated eco-environmental progress as part of the Five-sphere Integrated Plan for national development and has promoted an environment-friendly development model, advocating that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. It has enforced strict eco-environmental red lines and made solid efforts to prevent and control pollution, working to build a beautiful China and protect environmental rights. 

The air has become cleaner through efforts to keep the sky blue. In 2020, China's CO2 emissions per RMB10,000 of GDP fell by 48.4 percent from 2005, achieving the goal of a 40-to-45-percent fall during this period ahead of schedule. The proportion of natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other types of clean energy in total energy consumption rose from 19.1 percent in 2016 to 24.3 percent in 2020. Among the 337 cities at and above prefecture level nationwide, 202 met the air quality standards in 2020. 

Water quality is improving through efforts to keep waters clear. In 2020, 83.4 percent of the 1,940 surface water sections monitored by the state showed excellent and good quality (meeting Class I to Class III surface water quality standards), up 8.5 percentage points from 2019; 0.6 percent of sections suffered from poor water quality below Class V, down 2.8 percentage points from 2019. In 2020, 77.4 percent of offshore waters reached Class I and Class II sea water quality standards, up 0.8 percentage point from 2019; 9.4 percent of offshore waters were worse than Class IV, down 2.3 percentage points from 2019.

Effective measures have been taken to bring under control the risks associated with worsening soil qualities. The state has formulated the Law on Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution, and implemented its action plan for addressing soil pollution. National soil pollution surveys have been carried out, with the focus on land for agriculture and key industries and enterprises. From 2014 to 2019, more than 3,500 heavy-metal enterprises were shut down in accordance with laws and regulations, and more than 850 heavy-metal discharge reduction projects were carried out. The soil quality of agricultural land is subject to classification and restoration, and the soil environment of agricultural land remains stable. China has banned the import of foreign waste, and imports have largely fallen to zero. 

The living environment is improving. In 2020, sanitary toilets were used by more than 68 percent of rural households. The system for the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of domestic waste covered more than 90 percent of villages. Domestic sewage treatment covered 25.5 percent of rural areas. In 46 major cities, 83 million households in 94.6 percent of communities were involved in domestic waste sorting programs. More than 90 percent of black and fetid water bodies in built-up areas of cities at and above prefecture level had been eliminated. 

China enforces stringent eco-environmental conservation. As of 2020, nearly 10,000 nature reserves had been established across the country, covering 18 percent of China's land mass, and bringing some 90 percent of land ecosystems and 85 percent of key wild animal populations under effective protection. China's forest coverage rose from 12.7 percent in the early 1970s to 23 percent in 2020. While the global forest stock decreased by 178 million ha between 1990 and 2020, China's forest area has seen an average annual increase of 2.5 million ha in the past decade, ranking top in the world. Between 2012 and June 2021, China completed desertification control work involving over 19 million ha of land, and 1.8 million ha have been closed off to prevent deterioration. China has become the first country to achieve a zero increase in desertification, making a great contribution to the UN 2030 Sustainable Development goal of zero increase in land degradation across the globe.

9. 人類發(fā)展指數(shù)大幅提升

9. Achieving a Higher HDI Score

根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃署發(fā)布的“人類發(fā)展報(bào)告”，1990年中國(guó)還處于低人類發(fā)展水平組，1996年便進(jìn)入了中等人類發(fā)展水平組，2011年又步入高人類發(fā)展水平組。中國(guó)的人類發(fā)展指數(shù)從1990年的0.499增長(zhǎng)到2019年的0.761，是自1990年聯(lián)合國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃署在全球首次測(cè)算人類發(fā)展指數(shù)以來(lái)，唯一從低人類發(fā)展水平組跨越到高人類發(fā)展水平組的國(guó)家。

According to the Human Development Report released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), China was among the low-ranked countries in terms of the human development index (HDI) score in 1990; it moved into the ranks of countries with medium HDI scores in 1996; it ascended into the ranks of countries with high HDI scores in 2011. From 1990 to 2019, China's HDI score increased from 0.499 to 0.761. China is the only country to have risen from a low-ranked country to a high-ranked country since 1990, when the UNDP first started to calculate countries' HDI ratings.

四、實(shí)行良法善治維護(hù)公民權(quán)利政治權(quán)利

IV. Protecting Civil and Political Rights with Law and Governance

在全面建成小康社會(huì)進(jìn)程中，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府踐行以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，以更大的力度、更實(shí)的措施發(fā)展全過(guò)程人民民主，維護(hù)社會(huì)公平正義，確保人民依法享有更加廣泛、更加充分、更加真實(shí)的權(quán)利和自由。

In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the CPC and the Chinese government have pursued a people-centered development philosophy, and adopted vigorous and practical measures to develop whole-process people's democracy, uphold social equity and justice, and ensure by law that people enjoy more extensive rights and freedoms.

1. 拓展人民民主權(quán)利

1. Expanding People's Democratic Rights

堅(jiān)持人民主體地位，發(fā)展完善人民代表大會(huì)制度以及中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、基層群眾自治制度，豐富民主形式，拓寬民主渠道，人民民主權(quán)利得到切實(shí)保障。

China ensures the principal status of the people, and improves the system of people's congresses, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, and the system of community-level self-governance. It has worked to diversify the forms of democracy and establish more democratic channels. People's democratic rights are effectively protected.

民主選舉有序發(fā)展。城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉人大代表，保證各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面都有適當(dāng)數(shù)量的代表?？h級(jí)及以下人大代表實(shí)行直接選舉，強(qiáng)調(diào)保障人民選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)，確保選舉工作風(fēng)清氣正、選舉結(jié)果人民滿意。2016年開(kāi)始的縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)換屆選舉中，登記選民10億多人，直接選舉產(chǎn)生近248萬(wàn)名縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)人大代表。全國(guó)共有五級(jí)人大代表262萬(wàn)多名。

Implementing orderly democratic election processes. Both rural and urban areas are represented by people's congress deputies in proportion to their population, and all regions, ethnic groups, and sectors of society have a certain proportion of deputies.

To guarantee people's rights to vote and to stand for election, deputies to the people's congresses at the county level and below are directly elected, and measures are taken to ensure the elections are clean and the results are satisfactory to the people. In the elections to the people's congresses at county and township levels beginning in 2016, more than 1 billion constituents cast votes for nearly 2.5 million deputies. There are now more than 2.6 million deputies to the people's congresses at all five levels – the province, city, county, township, and village levels.

社會(huì)主義協(xié)商民主穩(wěn)步健全。推動(dòng)協(xié)商民主廣泛多層制度化發(fā)展，不斷規(guī)范協(xié)商內(nèi)容、協(xié)商程序，以事關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展全局和涉及群眾切身利益的實(shí)際問(wèn)題為內(nèi)容，開(kāi)展廣泛協(xié)商。發(fā)揮人民政協(xié)作為社會(huì)主義協(xié)商民主的重要渠道和專門協(xié)商機(jī)構(gòu)作用，推動(dòng)協(xié)商履職成果更好運(yùn)用。2012年1月至2021年6月，全國(guó)政協(xié)共收到58768件提案，48496件立案，大多數(shù)提案的建議得到采納和落實(shí)。

Steadily advancing socialist consultative democracy. Democratic consultation is applied extensively as a mechanism at multiple levels. The fields and procedures of consultation are well regulated. Extensive consultation is conducted on matters concerning overall economic and social development and related to the vital interests of the people.

The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) serves as a major channel and specialized body for socialist consultative democracy. It has worked hard to play its role well and apply the results of consultation to good effect. Between January 2012 and June 2021, the CPPCC National Committee had received 58,768 proposals, 48,496 of which were placed on file. Most of the suggestions in the proposals were adopted and implemented.

基層群眾自治不斷完善。修訂城市居民委員會(huì)組織法、村民委員會(huì)組織法，進(jìn)一步完善和規(guī)范居委會(huì)、村委會(huì)成員的選舉和罷免程序。全國(guó)農(nóng)村已普遍開(kāi)展10輪以上村委會(huì)換屆選舉，98%以上的村委會(huì)依法實(shí)行直接選舉，村民參選率達(dá)95%。拓展流動(dòng)人口有序參與居住地社區(qū)治理渠道。在脫貧攻堅(jiān)中，特別注重健全村民自治機(jī)制，凡是涉及脫貧攻堅(jiān)惠民政策的落實(shí)、惠民資金的分配使用、民生工程項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，都廣泛開(kāi)展議事協(xié)商，凝聚群眾共識(shí)，取得群眾支持。以職工代表大會(huì)為基本形式的企事業(yè)單位民主管理制度不斷健全，目前全國(guó)已有29個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）制定了36個(gè)有關(guān)企業(yè)民主管理的地方性法規(guī)，保障職工參與管理和監(jiān)督的民主權(quán)利，維護(hù)職工合法權(quán)益。

Improving community-level self-governance. China has amended the Organic Law of the Urban Residents Committees and the Organic Law of the Villagers Committees to improve and regulate the election and removal procedures for committee members. More than 10 rounds of villagers committee elections have been held in villages across the nation. More than 98 percent of these have been conducted by direct election, with more than 95 percent of villagers taking part. The state has worked to expand the channels for the migrant population to participate in community-level governance in their residential areas.

In the fight against poverty, China has paid special attention to improving the mechanism for self-governance by villagers. All matters related to the implementation of poverty alleviation policies, allocation and use of public funds, and projects for improving people's wellbeing are subject to extensive public discussion and consultation to build consensus and obtain popular support.

The system for the democratic management of enterprises and public institutions in the form of workers congresses has improved. Across the country, 29 provinces and equivalent administrative units have issued 36 local regulations concerning the democratic management of enterprises, to guarantee workers' right to participate in management and oversight, and to protect their lawful rights and interests.

知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、表達(dá)權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)得到切實(shí)保障。實(shí)行審計(jì)結(jié)果公告制度，制定修改政府信息公開(kāi)條例，提升政府信息公開(kāi)水平，保障公民知情權(quán)。“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+政務(wù)服務(wù)”服務(wù)能力持續(xù)提升。通過(guò)推行“一網(wǎng)通辦”，全國(guó)一半以上行政許可事項(xiàng)辦理時(shí)限縮短40%以上，省級(jí)行政許可事項(xiàng)網(wǎng)上受理和“最多跑一次”比例超過(guò)82%，50個(gè)高頻服務(wù)事項(xiàng)和200個(gè)便民服務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn)“跨省通辦”。根據(jù)《2020年聯(lián)合國(guó)電子政務(wù)調(diào)查報(bào)告》，中國(guó)電子政務(wù)服務(wù)的在線服務(wù)指數(shù)與電子參與水平均列全球第9位，進(jìn)入領(lǐng)先行列。推進(jìn)民主立法，完善立法座談?wù)撟C、法律草案公開(kāi)征求意見(jiàn)等制度，使每一項(xiàng)立法反映人民意志。截至2020年，十三屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)已就87件次法律草案公開(kāi)征求意見(jiàn)。不斷健全依法決策機(jī)制，將公眾參與、專家論證、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、合法性審查、集體討論確定為重大行政決策的法定程序，提高決策民主化水平。完善公開(kāi)透明、高效便捷的訴求表達(dá)渠道，實(shí)行網(wǎng)上受理信訪制度，廣泛匯集社情民意，依法及時(shí)就地解決公民合理訴求，保障公民有序參與公共事務(wù)管理，監(jiān)督國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)依法行使職權(quán)。2018年至2020年，十三屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)共聽(tīng)取和審議“一府一委兩院”工作報(bào)告52個(gè)，共對(duì)19部法律和決定的實(shí)施情況進(jìn)行檢查，圍繞“十四五”規(guī)劃綱要編制、精準(zhǔn)脫貧、污染防治、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度改革等內(nèi)容開(kāi)展18次專題調(diào)研，開(kāi)展8次專題詢問(wèn)。把握政協(xié)民主監(jiān)督性質(zhì)定位，加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)政協(xié)民主監(jiān)督工作，突出政協(xié)民主監(jiān)督重點(diǎn)、豐富政協(xié)民主監(jiān)督方式，不斷完善民主監(jiān)督的組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、權(quán)益保障、知情反饋和溝通協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，寓監(jiān)督于協(xié)商之中，更好發(fā)揮協(xié)商式監(jiān)督優(yōu)勢(shì)作用。推進(jìn)監(jiān)察體制改革，依法全方位加強(qiáng)對(duì)所有行使公權(quán)力的公職人員的監(jiān)督。不斷完善人民陪審員、人民監(jiān)督員制度，保障公民參與司法、監(jiān)督司法的權(quán)利。

Protecting the rights to know, to participate, to express views, and to supervise the exercise of power. China has put in place an audit result announcement system and revised the Regulations on Government Information Disclosure to improve government transparency and protect citizens' right to know.

Internet-based government services have improved. E-government has been promoted to ensure access to all government services through a single portal, shortening the process by over 40 percent for more than half of the items requiring administrative licensing. Moreover, online and one-stop services are provided for over 82 percent of the items requiring provincial administrative licensing, and 50 commonly used government services and 200 public services are provided on an inter-provincial basis to ensure easier access. According to the E-Government Survey 2020 published by the United Nations, China ranks 9th on both the Online Service Index and the E-Participation Index, showing a very high level of e-government development.

Democratic lawmaking is ensured through improved systems for legislative deliberations and solicitation of public opinion on draft laws, so that every law reflects the will of the people. By the end of 2020, the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC) had solicited public opinion on 87 draft laws.

China has improved the mechanism of law-based decision-making. This makes public participation, expert discussion, risk assessment, legality review, and group discussion statutory procedures in major administrative decision-making, so as to make decision-making more democratic.

China provides open, smooth, efficient and convenient channels for people to express their opinions and demands. Public complaints can be submitted online as well as through letters, visits, calls and other channels. This ensures that extensive public opinion is collected, that citizens' legitimate demands are addressed quickly, in situ and by law, and that people can participate in the management of public affairs in an orderly manner and supervise state agencies in exercising their powers.

From 2018 to 2020, the Standing Committee of the 13th NPC heard and reviewed a total of 52 work reports of the State Council, the National Supervisory Commission, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate. It examined the implementation of 19 laws and decisions. It conducted 18 surveys and 8 consultations on subjects such as the outline of the 14th Five-year Plan, targeted poverty alleviation, pollution prevention and control, and reform of the social security system.

With a well-defined role in democratic supervision, the CPPCC has strengthened its function of democratic supervision, with clearer priorities and in more forms. It has improved the mechanisms for organizing democratic supervision, protecting related rights and interests, providing informed feedback, and facilitating communication and coordination, so that supervision is embodied in consultation and consultative supervision plays a better role.

Reform of the national supervision system has been advanced to strengthen all-round law-based supervision of public servants in the exercise of public power. The systems of people's assessors and supervisors have been improved to ensure citizens' right to judicial participation and supervision.

2. 保障人身權(quán)利

2. Protecting Personal Rights

尊重人格尊嚴(yán)和價(jià)值，依法保護(hù)公民的人身權(quán)利和自由。

China respects human dignity and value, and protects citizens' personal rights and liberty in accordance with the law. 

公民人身自由得到尊重和保護(hù)。非由法律規(guī)定、非經(jīng)法定程序不得剝奪、限制公民人身自由。十二屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)2013年通過(guò)關(guān)于廢止有關(guān)勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)法律規(guī)定的決定，十三屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)2019年通過(guò)關(guān)于廢止有關(guān)收容教育法律規(guī)定和制度的決定，國(guó)務(wù)院2020年廢止《賣淫嫖娼人員收容教育辦法》，廢除勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)和收容教育制度，彰顯國(guó)家尊重和保障人權(quán)的憲法精神及依法保障公民人身自由的人權(quán)理念。

Respecting and protecting personal liberty. Unlawful deprivation or restriction of a citizen's personal freedom is prohibited. In 2013, the Standing Committee of the 12th NPC adopted a decision to repeal laws and regulations on reeducation through labor. In 2019, the Standing Committee of the 13th NPC adopted a decision to repeal laws and regulations on detention education. In 2020, the State Council abolished the Measures for the Detention Education of Persons Engaging in Prostitution and Whoring. The abolition of reeducation through labor and detention education embodies the constitutional principle of respecting and protecting human rights, and demonstrates China's commitment to protecting citizens' personal liberty by law.

人員流動(dòng)更加便利。不斷推進(jìn)戶籍制度改革，實(shí)行城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)一的戶口登記制度，促進(jìn)有能力在城鎮(zhèn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的常住人口有序?qū)崿F(xiàn)市民化，更好保障人民公平享有民生權(quán)利。2020年，全國(guó)戶籍人口城鎮(zhèn)化率達(dá)到45.4%，比2012年提高10.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。2010年以來(lái)，共為1500余萬(wàn)無(wú)戶口人員辦理了落戶，基本解決全國(guó)無(wú)戶口人員登記戶口問(wèn)題。

Facilitating the movement of people. China has continued to reform the household registration system. It conducts unified household registration of urban and rural areas to enable rural people who have stable jobs and have lived in urban areas for the appropriate time to register as permanent urban residents. In this way, China ensures that people enjoy equal rights. In 2020, the urbanization rate of registered population reached 45.4 percent, an increase of 10.1 percentage points from 2012. Since 2010, more than 15 million unregistered people have completed household registration.

嚴(yán)格依法保護(hù)個(gè)人信息安全和隱私。頒布實(shí)施民法典，加強(qiáng)人格權(quán)保護(hù)。加強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)安全和個(gè)人信息安全保護(hù)，加大對(duì)侵犯公民個(gè)人信息行為的打擊力度。2016年以來(lái)，通過(guò)開(kāi)展專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)依法辦理一批涉嫌侵犯公民個(gè)人信息的案事件，泄露公民個(gè)人信息案事件得到有效遏制。2019年在全國(guó)范圍開(kāi)展App違法違規(guī)收集使用個(gè)人信息保護(hù)專項(xiàng)治理工作，重點(diǎn)治理無(wú)隱私政策、捆綁授權(quán)和強(qiáng)制索權(quán)、未經(jīng)同意收集使用個(gè)人信息等突出問(wèn)題，App隱私政策透明度大幅提升。2021年3月，國(guó)家網(wǎng)信辦等四部門聯(lián)合發(fā)布《常見(jiàn)類型移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用程序必要個(gè)人信息范圍規(guī)定》，明確39類常見(jiàn)類型移動(dòng)應(yīng)用程序必要個(gè)人信息范圍。2021年5月至7月，相關(guān)部門共組織對(duì)12種常見(jiàn)類型、用戶下載量大的1035款A(yù)pp開(kāi)展專項(xiàng)檢測(cè)評(píng)估，對(duì)存在嚴(yán)重違法違規(guī)問(wèn)題的351款A(yù)pp進(jìn)行公開(kāi)通報(bào)，對(duì)未在規(guī)定時(shí)限內(nèi)整改的52款A(yù)pp依法依規(guī)采取下架處罰措施，違法違規(guī)收集使用個(gè)人信息行為逐步減少。依法嚴(yán)厲打擊電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)詐騙違法犯罪，嚴(yán)懲侵犯公民個(gè)人信息犯罪，加大個(gè)人隱私保護(hù)力度。2017年至2020年，全國(guó)各級(jí)人民法院一審審結(jié)侵犯公民個(gè)人信息的刑事案件數(shù)量分別為1393件、2315件、2627件、2558件，一審審結(jié)隱私權(quán)糾紛案件數(shù)量分別為273件、292件、331件、395件。依法審理手機(jī)應(yīng)用擅自讀取用戶通訊錄信息、網(wǎng)絡(luò)信用平臺(tái)濫用個(gè)人征信數(shù)據(jù)等案件，準(zhǔn)確適用“通知－刪除”規(guī)則，對(duì)散發(fā)誹謗他人言論的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)，根據(jù)受害人請(qǐng)求責(zé)令刪除相關(guān)信息。2019年至2020年，全國(guó)各級(jí)人民法院一審審結(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò)侵權(quán)責(zé)任糾紛案件分別為4059件、4058件。檢察機(jī)關(guān)將個(gè)人信息保護(hù)作為拓展公益訴訟案件范圍的新領(lǐng)域重點(diǎn)部署推進(jìn)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)公民個(gè)人信息保護(hù)。

Securing personal information and privacy by law. China has enacted the Civil Code and strengthened protection of personality rights. The government has intensified efforts in protecting data and personal information in accordance with the law and taking firm action on infringements concerning personal information. Since 2016, it has taken special actions to handle cases involving suspected violations of personal information, effectively curbing such violations. In 2019, a campaign was launched nationwide to address collection and use of personal information by applications in violation of laws and regulations, focusing on the absence of a privacy policy, bundled and forced consent, and collection and use of personal information without consent. This campaign has increased transparency in the privacy policy of applications.

The Cyberspace Administration of China and three other departments jointly issued in March 2021 the Provisions on the Scope of Required Personal Information for Common Types of Mobile Applications, clearly defining the personal information required for 39 common types of mobile apps. Between May and July 2021, the authorities conducted an assessment of personal information protection provided by 1,035 frequently downloaded apps of 12 common types. In an ensuing public notice, 351 apps were criticized for seriously violating laws and regulations, and 52 apps were taken down for failing to correct their violations within the required time frame. As a result, infringements of privacy in the collection and use of personal information have declined. 

China strikes hard at telecom and cyber fraud, and severely punishes crimes involving infringements of personal information, to strengthen protection of personal privacy. In 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, people's courts at all levels concluded 1,393, 2,315, 2,627, and 2,558 such cases at first instance, and 273, 292, 331, and 395 cases at first instance related to privacy disputes.

Cases of unauthorized access to users' address book data by mobile phone apps and abuse of personal credit information by online credit platforms are subject to legal procedures. The notice and takedown rule is accurately applied. Any online platform being used to spread defamation is ordered to delete relevant information as requested by the victim. In 2019 and 2020, people's courts at all levels concluded 4,059 and 4,058 cases at first instance on online infringement liability. The prosecuting bodies have made the protection of personal information a focus of their efforts to expand the coverage of public interest litigation.

切實(shí)保障被羈押人和罪犯的合法權(quán)益。規(guī)范強(qiáng)制措施，減少羈押性強(qiáng)制措施的適用，實(shí)行看守所在押人員入所權(quán)利義務(wù)告知制度，建立在押人員投訴調(diào)查處理機(jī)制。完善相關(guān)法律制度，保障被羈押人的人格尊嚴(yán)及律師會(huì)見(jiàn)、申訴、醫(yī)療等合法權(quán)利。深化獄務(wù)公開(kāi)，強(qiáng)化檢察監(jiān)督和執(zhí)法監(jiān)督，保障罪犯合法權(quán)利不受侵犯。實(shí)行人文關(guān)懷，開(kāi)展罪犯離監(jiān)探親活動(dòng)。制定實(shí)施社區(qū)矯正法，堅(jiān)持依法管理與尊重保障人權(quán)相統(tǒng)一，監(jiān)督管理與教育幫扶相統(tǒng)一，對(duì)符合條件的社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象落實(shí)最低生活保障，提供臨時(shí)救助和社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、就業(yè)就學(xué)等政策，依法保障社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象的合法權(quán)益。截至2020年，已累計(jì)接收社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象537萬(wàn)人，累計(jì)解除矯正473萬(wàn)人，在冊(cè)社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象64萬(wàn)人，社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象在矯正期間再犯罪率一直處于0.2%的較低水平。健全完善刑滿釋放人員救助管理制度，落實(shí)社會(huì)救助和就業(yè)安置措施，促進(jìn)刑滿釋放人員順利融入社會(huì)。

Protecting the lawful rights and interests of detainees and prisoners. China has regulated and reduced the application of compulsory custodial measures. When detainees enter a house of detention, they are informed of their rights and obligations, and their complaints are handled in accordance with due procedure. Relevant laws and regulations have been improved to guarantee the dignity and lawful rights of detainees, including the right to meet lawyers, appeal, and receive medical treatment. Prison affairs are open to the public. Procuratorial and law enforcement supervision has been improved to protect prisoners' lawful rights and interests. Some prisoners are allowed leave of absence from prison to visit their families.

The Community Correction Law was enacted, which embodies respect for and protection of human rights in law-based management, and integrates supervision and management with education and assistance. To protect the legitimate rights of those subject to community corrections, China provides subsistence allowances, temporary assistance, social security, and employment and education assistance. By the end of 2020, a total of 5.37 million people throughout the country had received community service orders. Of these, 4.73 million had completed their service, and 640,000 were still subject to their service orders. The recidivism rate in the case of those assigned to community service remains low at 0.2 percent.

China has improved the assistance and management system for people released after completing their prison sentence, ensures their access to social assistance, and provides employment assistance to them to enable a smooth return to normal life.

3. 保障個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)

3. Protecting Individual Property Rights

健全以公平為核心原則的產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)制度。清理有違公平的法律法規(guī)條款，加強(qiáng)對(duì)各種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)組織和自然人財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)，鼓勵(lì)、支持和引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，保證各種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)依法平等使用生產(chǎn)要素、公平參與市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、同等受到法律保護(hù)。憲法規(guī)定公民的合法私有財(cái)產(chǎn)不受侵犯，國(guó)家依照法律規(guī)定保護(hù)公民的私有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)和繼承權(quán)。民法典明確規(guī)定對(duì)所有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)平等保護(hù)，強(qiáng)化對(duì)個(gè)人信息、數(shù)據(jù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財(cái)產(chǎn)等的保護(hù)，完善了權(quán)利保護(hù)和救濟(jì)規(guī)則，形成有效的權(quán)利保護(hù)機(jī)制，公民財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)法治保障水平不斷提升。

Improving property rights protection with fairness as the core principle. China has cleared up unfair laws and regulations, strengthened protection of the property rights of economic organizations under all forms of ownership and of natural persons, and encouraged, supported and guided the development of the non-public sector. It has ensured that economic entities under all forms of ownership have equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, can participate in market competition on a level playing field, and enjoy equal legal protection. 

The Constitution stipulates that citizens' lawful private property is inviolable, and the state protects citizens' property and inheritance rights. The Civil Code stipulates equal protection of all property rights, strengthens protection of personal information, data and virtual property, and improves rules for the protection of rights and remedy for rights violations. As a result, an effective mechanism for rights protection has taken shape in China, and the legal framework for property rights protection continues to improve.

為優(yōu)化營(yíng)商環(huán)境提供法治保障。毫不動(dòng)搖地堅(jiān)持鼓勵(lì)、支持、引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一系列方針政策，依法打擊侵犯民營(yíng)企業(yè)及經(jīng)營(yíng)者合法權(quán)益的犯罪，依法保護(hù)民營(yíng)企業(yè)自主經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)，以及企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。堅(jiān)持刑法的謙抑性，嚴(yán)格規(guī)范涉及民營(yíng)企業(yè)的執(zhí)法司法行為，堅(jiān)決禁止刑事執(zhí)法介入經(jīng)濟(jì)糾紛，依法準(zhǔn)確適用強(qiáng)制措施，最大限度減少對(duì)企業(yè)正常生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的影響。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院先后發(fā)布一系列涉及民營(yíng)企業(yè)司法保護(hù)指導(dǎo)性案例和典型案例，指導(dǎo)各級(jí)司法機(jī)關(guān)依法辦案。

Providing legal guarantee for optimizing the business environment. China adheres to a series of principles and policies to encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector. It combats crimes infringing the lawful rights and interests of private enterprises and their operators, and protects the independent management of private enterprises and the personal and property safety of their owners in accordance with the law. 

China adheres to the principle of restraint in the Criminal Law, regulates law enforcement and judicial activities involving private enterprises, prohibits criminal law intervention in economic disputes, and accurately applies compulsory measures in accordance with the law to minimize any impact on the normal work and business activities of enterprises. The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate have publicized a series of guiding cases and typical cases concerning judicial protection of private enterprises, providing guidance for judicial bodies at all levels in handling cases.

加大知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)力度。加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)和運(yùn)用，健全技術(shù)創(chuàng)新激勵(lì)機(jī)制。完善體現(xiàn)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)價(jià)值的侵權(quán)損害賠償制度，進(jìn)一步彰顯激勵(lì)和保護(hù)創(chuàng)新的鮮明態(tài)度，凈化市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境，促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。在北京、上海、廣州設(shè)立知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法院，通過(guò)審理重大典型案件，確立裁判規(guī)則，統(tǒng)一裁判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，加大對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)行為的懲治力度，著力解決侵權(quán)成本低、維權(quán)成本高等問(wèn)題。最高人民檢察院設(shè)立知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)檢察辦公室，統(tǒng)一指導(dǎo)履行知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)刑事、民事、行政檢察職能，構(gòu)建知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)全方位綜合性司法保護(hù)機(jī)制。加強(qiáng)國(guó)際知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)執(zhí)法司法對(duì)話、交流與合作，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建更加公平合理的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)國(guó)際規(guī)則。

Strengthening protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs). China is strengthening the protection and application of IPRs and improving the incentive mechanism for technological innovation. For a better market competition environment and innovation-driven development, China has improved infringement compensation that reflects the value of IPRs, demonstrating its determination to encourage and protect innovation. 

China has set up intellectual property courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, which have tried major cases, established judgment rules and made consistent standards, and strengthened punishment for IPR infringement. The system is designed to address the problem that the cost of infringement is low and the cost of protection is high. The Supreme People's Procuratorate has set up an Intellectual Property Prosecution Office for guiding prosecution of criminal, civil, and administrative cases concerning IPR infringement and establishing a mechanism for comprehensive judicial protection of intellectual property rights.

China is also stepping up international dialogue, exchanges and cooperation on IPR law enforcement and justice, and working for fairer and sounder international IPR rules.

4. 加強(qiáng)人權(quán)司法保障

4. Reinforcing Judicial Guarantee for Human Rights

深化司法體制改革，全面落實(shí)司法責(zé)任制，完善律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利保障制度，加強(qiáng)對(duì)司法活動(dòng)的監(jiān)督，維護(hù)人民權(quán)益，努力讓人民群眾在每一個(gè)司法案件中都感受到公平正義。

China has furthered judicial reform, fully implemented the judicial accountability system, improved protection of lawyers' practicing rights, and strengthened supervision over judicial activities, so as to safeguard the rights and interests of the people and ensure that fairness and justice apply in every judicial case.

穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)司法體制改革。2014年中共十八屆四中全會(huì)通過(guò)《中共中央關(guān)于全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)若干重大問(wèn)題的決定》，全方位改革司法體制，保證公正司法，提高司法公信力。全面落實(shí)司法責(zé)任制改革，健全有序放權(quán)、科學(xué)配權(quán)、規(guī)范用權(quán)、嚴(yán)格限權(quán)的司法管理體制和司法權(quán)力運(yùn)行體系。優(yōu)化司法職權(quán)配置，深化以審判為中心的刑事訴訟制度改革，強(qiáng)化檢察機(jī)關(guān)法律監(jiān)督職能，充分發(fā)揮訴訟程序制約作用，完善執(zhí)法司法權(quán)力運(yùn)行程序、行使方式、責(zé)任要求，健全執(zhí)法司法機(jī)關(guān)之間工作銜接機(jī)制，健全公安機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、司法行政機(jī)關(guān)分工負(fù)責(zé)、各司其職，偵查權(quán)、檢察權(quán)、審判權(quán)、執(zhí)行權(quán)相互配合、相互制約的體制機(jī)制，構(gòu)建各盡其職、配合有力、制約有效的工作體系。

Steadily advancing judicial reform. In 2014, the 18th CPC Central Committee adopted at its Fourth Plenary Session the CPC Central Committee's Resolution on Certain Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Law-Based Governance of China, to fully reform the judicial system, ensure justice, and improve judicial credibility. China has implemented all-round judicial accountability reform, and improved judicial administration and the exercise of judicial power by delegating power in an orderly manner, rationally allocating power, and standardizing and strictly regulating the use of power. 

China has improved the allocation of judicial functions and powers, and furthered reform to establish a criminal litigation system centered on court trials. It has strengthened legal supervision by prosecuting bodies, and underlined the role of litigation procedures in regulating the exercise of power. It has better defined the procedures, powers and accountabilities of the judiciary and law enforcement, and improved their coordination. China has also enhanced the institutions and mechanisms by which public security, prosecuting, judicial, and judicial administrative bodies perform their respective functions and work closely together while mutually checking on each other in the exercise of investigative, prosecuting, judicial and law enforcement powers.

健全司法人員依法履職保護(hù)機(jī)制。建立健全領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部干預(yù)司法活動(dòng)、插手具體案件處理和司法機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)部人員過(guò)問(wèn)案件的記錄通報(bào)和責(zé)任追究制度，保障司法機(jī)關(guān)和司法人員依法辦理案件不受行政機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和個(gè)人的干涉。規(guī)范司法人員考評(píng)考核和責(zé)任追究、懲戒辦法，明確法官、檢察官依法履行法定職責(zé)的行為不受法律追究，非因故意違反法律、法規(guī)或者有重大過(guò)失導(dǎo)致裁判結(jié)果錯(cuò)誤并造成嚴(yán)重后果的，不承擔(dān)錯(cuò)案責(zé)任；非因法定事由、非經(jīng)法定程序，不得將法官、檢察官調(diào)離、免職、辭退或者作出降級(jí)、撤職等處分。建立健全司法人員受到侵害救濟(jì)保障機(jī)制和不實(shí)舉報(bào)澄清機(jī)制，堅(jiān)決打擊侵害司法人員合法權(quán)益的行為，推動(dòng)形成尊重司法裁判、維護(hù)司法權(quán)威的社會(huì)氛圍。完善撫恤優(yōu)待辦法，為法官、檢察官的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)等權(quán)益提供與其職業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相匹配的保障。

Improving protection for judicial personnel to perform their duties. China has improved the system under which any leading officials found to have interfered in judicial activities or the handling of specific cases, or any judicial personnel found to have attempted to influence the result of a case, will be put on record and held accountable. This aims to ensure that the judiciary is free from interference by administrative bodies, social organizations or individuals. 

China has standardized methods for the evaluation, accountability and sanctioning of judicial personnel, making it clear that judges and prosecutors who perform their duties in accordance with the law are not subject to legal action, and protecting those responsible for misjudgments that result in severe consequences as long as they have not intentionally violated laws and regulations or are not guilty of gross negligence. No judge or prosecutor may be transferred, removed, dismissed, or demoted without legal procedures and other than for legal reasons. 

China has improved the relief mechanism for victimized judicial personnel and the mechanism for clarifying false reports against judicial personnel, and acts resolutely against infringements of the legitimate rights and interests of judicial personnel, so as to foster a social atmosphere that respects judicial adjudication and upholds judicial authority. It has also improved compensation and preferential treatment measures to provide judges and prosecutors with personal and property guarantees that are commensurate with their occupational risks.

堅(jiān)決糾正和防范冤錯(cuò)案件。建立健全錯(cuò)案發(fā)現(xiàn)、糾正、防范和責(zé)任追究機(jī)制，堅(jiān)持程序公正和實(shí)體公正相統(tǒng)一，堅(jiān)持嚴(yán)格公正司法，堅(jiān)持罪刑法定、無(wú)罪推定、證據(jù)裁判，嚴(yán)禁刑訊逼供、體罰虐待，嚴(yán)格實(shí)行非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則，堅(jiān)持實(shí)事求是、有錯(cuò)必糾，落實(shí)國(guó)家賠償制度，加強(qiáng)人權(quán)司法保障。2019年至2020年，全國(guó)各級(jí)人民法院分別按照審判監(jiān)督程序再審改判刑事案件1774件、1818件；依法宣告637名、656名公訴案件被告人和751名、384名自訴案件被告人無(wú)罪；審結(jié)國(guó)家賠償案件18164件、18433件，保障賠償請(qǐng)求人合法權(quán)益。2020年1月至2021年6月，各級(jí)檢察機(jī)關(guān)通過(guò)審判監(jiān)督程序提出刑事抗訴1325件，同期法院改判685件、發(fā)回重審134件；提出刑事再審檢察建議616件，同期法院改判214件、發(fā)回重審6件?！皬埵鲜逯稄?qiáng)奸殺人案”“于英生殺妻案”“陳滿故意殺人案”等一批重大冤錯(cuò)案件得到依法糾正。

Preventing and redressing miscarriages of justice. China has established and improved mechanisms for the identification, correction and prevention of misjudged cases, and for imposing accountability on those responsible. It adheres to the unity of procedural justice and substantive justice, and safeguards judicial justice. It strictly follows the principles of legality, presumption of innocence, evidence-based verdict, and exclusion of illegally obtained evidence. It prohibits forced confessions, corporal punishments, or abuse. It also implements a state compensation system to strengthen judicial guarantee of human rights. 

In 2019 and 2020, people's courts at all levels retried 1,774 and 1,818 criminal cases respectively in accordance with trial supervision procedures and overthrew the original judgments, acquitting 637 and 656 defendants in public prosecution cases and 751 and 384 defendants in private prosecution cases, and concluded 18,164 and 18,433 state compensation cases to protect the legitimate rights and interests of compensation claimants. Between January 2020 and June 2021, prosecuting bodies at all levels lodged protests in 1,325 criminal cases through trial supervision procedures, while the courts changed 685 verdicts and remanded 134 cases for retrial in the same period. The prosecuting bodies raised 616 proposals for criminal retrial, and the courts changed 214 verdicts and remanded 6 cases for retrial over the same period. A number of major wrongful convictions were corrected in accordance with the law.

加強(qiáng)對(duì)執(zhí)業(yè)律師權(quán)利的保障。完善律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利保護(hù)制度，印發(fā)《關(guān)于依法保障律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利的規(guī)定》等文件，對(duì)保障律師會(huì)見(jiàn)、閱卷、調(diào)查取證以及庭審中的發(fā)問(wèn)、質(zhì)證、辯論辯護(hù)等各項(xiàng)訴訟權(quán)利作出全面規(guī)定，健全完善了律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利救濟(jì)機(jī)制和責(zé)任追究機(jī)制。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、國(guó)家安全部、司法部和全國(guó)律協(xié)建立了維護(hù)律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利快速聯(lián)動(dòng)處置機(jī)制，暢通律師維權(quán)通道，確保律師權(quán)利被侵犯后能夠得到及時(shí)有效救濟(jì)。全國(guó)律協(xié)、省級(jí)和設(shè)區(qū)的市級(jí)律師協(xié)會(huì)全部設(shè)立維護(hù)律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利中心，專門負(fù)責(zé)維護(hù)律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利工作。最高人民檢察院開(kāi)展保障律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利專項(xiàng)監(jiān)督活動(dòng)，監(jiān)督糾正執(zhí)法司法機(jī)關(guān)阻礙律師依法行使訴訟權(quán)利問(wèn)題，保障訴訟活動(dòng)順利進(jìn)行。截至2020年，全國(guó)共有律師事務(wù)所3.4萬(wàn)多家，律師52.2萬(wàn)多人。

Strengthening protection of lawyers' practicing rights. China has issued the Provisions on Protecting Lawyers' Practicing Rights in Accordance with the Law, which provide comprehensive provisions protecting lawyers' litigation rights, such as the rights to meet their clients, examine case files, investigate, and obtain evidence, as well as to ask questions, conduct cross-examination, debate, and defend during court trials. It has also improved the relief and accountability mechanisms for protecting lawyers' rights. 

The Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of State Security, the Ministry of Justice, and the All-China Lawyers Association have set up a fast-track joint response mechanism for safeguarding lawyers' practicing rights, to ensure that lawyers can get timely and effective relief when their rights are infringed. The All-China Lawyers Association, and lawyers associations at provincial and city levels have all set up centers for safeguarding lawyers' practicing rights. The Supreme People's Procuratorate has carried out special programs to supervise and correct cases where law enforcement and judicial bodies hinder lawyers from exercising their litigation rights, so as to ensure the smooth progress of litigation activities. At the end of 2020, there were more than 34,000 law firms and 522,000 lawyers in China.

全面推進(jìn)陽(yáng)光司法。深入推進(jìn)審判公開(kāi)、檢務(wù)公開(kāi)、警務(wù)公開(kāi)和獄務(wù)公開(kāi)，依法及時(shí)公開(kāi)執(zhí)法司法依據(jù)、程序、流程、結(jié)果和生效法律文書(shū)。推進(jìn)智慧司法建設(shè)，執(zhí)法司法信息化水平不斷提升，保障當(dāng)事人獲得更為高效便捷訴訟服務(wù)。截至2020年，全國(guó)98%的法院建成了信息化程度較高的訴訟服務(wù)體系，為當(dāng)事人提供全方位的訴訟服務(wù)；98%的法院開(kāi)通訴訟服務(wù)網(wǎng)，為當(dāng)事人、律師提供網(wǎng)上預(yù)約立案、案件查詢、卷宗查閱、電子送達(dá)等服務(wù)。全國(guó)檢察機(jī)關(guān)自2014年10月1日部署應(yīng)用案件信息公開(kāi)系統(tǒng)以來(lái)，截至2021年6月30日，“案件信息公開(kāi)網(wǎng)”已導(dǎo)出案件程序性信息15023598件、發(fā)布重要案件信息1142802件、公開(kāi)法律文書(shū)6597917件，接受辯護(hù)與代理網(wǎng)上預(yù)約558872人次。2019年，“案件信息公開(kāi)網(wǎng)”統(tǒng)一并入“12309中國(guó)檢察網(wǎng)”，網(wǎng)上服務(wù)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化升級(jí)，檢察機(jī)關(guān)案件信息公開(kāi)進(jìn)入信息化、常態(tài)化、規(guī)范化的快速發(fā)展軌道。

Increasing transparency in the administration of justice. China promotes openness in judicial, procuratorial, policing and prison affairs, and releases timely information on the legal basis, procedures, processes, results and effective legal documents of the judiciary and law enforcement in accordance with the law. With advances towards a smart judicial system, and increased IT application in judicature and law enforcement, people now have quicker and easier access to litigation services. 

By the end of 2020, 98 percent of the courts across the country had widely applied information technology to their litigation systems, providing a full range of litigation services. 98 percent of the courts had opened service websites to provide online application for case filing, case inquiry, file access, and electronic document delivery. 

From October 1, 2014, when the case information service system went online for China's prosecuting bodies, to June 30, 2021, the website delivered procedural information on 15 million cases, published information on 1.1 million major cases and 6.6 million legal documents, and accepted 558,872 online applications for defense and litigation services. In 2019, the website was merged into 12309.gov.cn to upgrade online services, and China's prosecuting bodies began to advance faster in regular and standardized release of case information supported by IT.

完善法律援助制度。發(fā)布實(shí)施《法律援助值班律師工作辦法》，在法院、看守所普遍設(shè)立法律援助工作站。加強(qiáng)刑事法律援助，落實(shí)刑事訴訟法及相關(guān)配套法規(guī)制度關(guān)于法律援助范圍的規(guī)定，積極開(kāi)展刑事案件律師辯護(hù)全覆蓋試點(diǎn)工作。擴(kuò)大民事、行政法律援助覆蓋面，與民生緊密相關(guān)的事項(xiàng)逐步納入法律援助補(bǔ)充事項(xiàng)范圍。聚焦打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，以法治扶貧為切入點(diǎn)，擴(kuò)充法律援助事項(xiàng)、擴(kuò)大法律援助范圍，惠及更多困難群眾。提升法律援助服務(wù)質(zhì)量，發(fā)布并落實(shí)全國(guó)刑事、民事和行政法律援助服務(wù)規(guī)范，制定法律援助案件質(zhì)量評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2020年，全國(guó)組織辦理法律援助案件近140萬(wàn)件，受援人達(dá)216萬(wàn)余次，提供法律咨詢1466余萬(wàn)人次；值班律師提供法律援助（不含法律咨詢）74萬(wàn)余件，其中參與認(rèn)罪認(rèn)罰從寬案件68萬(wàn)余件。截至2020年，在全國(guó)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）司法所及仲裁、法院、信訪等矛盾糾紛相對(duì)集中的部門設(shè)立法律援助工作站7萬(wàn)余個(gè)，方便群眾就近獲得法律援助服務(wù)。

Improving the legal aid system. China has implemented the Measures for the Work of Legal Aid Duty Lawyers, and set up legal aid stations at courts and detention centers. It has strengthened legal aid in criminal cases, implemented provisions on the scope of legal aid stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Law and related regulations, and carried out pilot programs to achieve full legal defense coverage in criminal cases. 

China has expanded the coverage of legal aid in civil and administrative proceedings, and brought matters closely related to people's lives into the scope of legal aid. China has worked to alleviate poverty through legal empowerment, and expanded the scope and coverage of legal aid to benefit more people in need. To improve the quality of legal aid services, China has also issued and implemented norms for legal aid services in criminal, civil and administrative cases, and established standards for evaluating the efficacy of legal aid cases.

In 2020, 1.4 million legal aid cases were handled nationwide, helping 2.2 million people and providing legal advice to 14.7 million people; duty lawyers provided legal aid in 740,000 cases, including 680,000 cases where the rule of clemency applied to suspects and defendants who confessed to their crimes. By the end of 2020, more than 70,000 legal aid stations had been set up at courts, arbitral institutions, public complaints agencies, and township-level judicial offices to provide citizens with easy access to legal aid to address their concerns and solve disputes as early as possible.

5. 保障宗教信仰自由

5. Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief

憲法規(guī)定公民有宗教信仰自由。中國(guó)政府支持各宗教堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主自辦的原則，在法律范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行各種宗教活動(dòng)；依法對(duì)涉及國(guó)家利益和社會(huì)公共利益的宗教事務(wù)進(jìn)行管理，不干涉各宗教內(nèi)部事務(wù)，宗教工作法治化水平不斷提高。2017年修訂《宗教事務(wù)條例》，貫徹實(shí)施《中華人民共和國(guó)境內(nèi)外國(guó)人宗教活動(dòng)管理規(guī)定》，依法保障中國(guó)公民及境內(nèi)外國(guó)人的宗教信仰自由。依法打擊宗教極端主義以及打著宗教活動(dòng)名義開(kāi)展的“邪教”活動(dòng)。中國(guó)現(xiàn)有依法登記的宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所14.4萬(wàn)處，宗教院校92所，信仰佛教、道教、伊斯蘭教、天主教和基督教等宗教的公民近2億人，宗教教職人員38萬(wàn)余人。不斷加大宗教教職人員社會(huì)保障力度，宗教教職人員醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保率達(dá)96.5%，養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保率達(dá)89.6%，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了宗教教職人員社保體系全覆蓋。公民的宗教信仰自由得到充分保障，呈現(xiàn)出宗教和順、社會(huì)和諧的良好局面。

The Constitution provides that the citizens enjoy freedom of religious belief. The Chinese government upholds the principle that all religious groups should operate independently and carry out religious activities within the law. It administers religious affairs involving state and public interests, but does not interfere in the internal affairs of religions. China has advanced the rule of law in the administration of religious affairs. 

In 2017, China amended the Regulations on Religious Affairs to better protect citizen's freedom of religious belief. It has implemented the Rules on the Administration of Religious Activities of Foreigners in the People's Republic of China to protect foreigners' freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law. 

China resolutely fights religious extremism and cults acting under the guise of religion. It now has 144,000 registered sites for religious activities, 92 religious academies, nearly 200 million citizens who believe in Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholic and Protestant Christianity, and other religions, and more than 380,000 clerical personnel. 

China has improved social security for clerical personnel, with medical insurance covering 96.5 percent and old-age insurance covering 89.6 percent. With the citizens' freedom of religious belief fully protected, China enjoys religious and social harmony.

五、促進(jìn)社會(huì)公平保障特定群體權(quán)益

V. Promoting Social Equity and Protecting the Rights of Special Groups

全面建成小康社會(huì)，一個(gè)也不能少。中國(guó)切實(shí)維護(hù)和促進(jìn)農(nóng)民權(quán)益，高度重視對(duì)婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人及少數(shù)民族等特定群體權(quán)益的保障，使他們享有均等機(jī)會(huì)，以平等身份充分參與經(jīng)濟(jì)政治文化社會(huì)生活，共享發(fā)展成果。

A moderately prosperous society is to be enjoyed by each and every one of us. China takes solid measures to protect and promote the rights and interests of rural people, and attaches great importance to protecting the rights of women, children, the elderly, people with disabilities, and ethnic minority groups, ensuring their equal status and providing them with equal opportunities to participate in economic, political, cultural and social life and enjoy the fruits of development.

1. 農(nóng)民權(quán)益保障全方位改善

1. Upgrading Protection of the Rights of Rural People

土地制度改革極大增進(jìn)農(nóng)民財(cái)產(chǎn)性權(quán)利。改革開(kāi)放后實(shí)施家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制，解決了農(nóng)民的溫飽問(wèn)題；全面取消農(nóng)業(yè)稅費(fèi)，減輕了農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)。中共十八大以來(lái)，穩(wěn)定農(nóng)村土地承包關(guān)系并保持長(zhǎng)久不變，實(shí)施農(nóng)村集體土地所有權(quán)、承包權(quán)、經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)“三權(quán)分置”，賦予農(nóng)民對(duì)承包地占有、使用、收益、流轉(zhuǎn)及經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)融資擔(dān)保權(quán)能，保障農(nóng)戶宅基地用益物權(quán)，增加農(nóng)民財(cái)產(chǎn)性收入，賦予農(nóng)民更多財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利。截至2020年，31個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）均開(kāi)展了承包地確權(quán)工作，承包地確權(quán)面積達(dá)15億畝，完善土地承包合同2億份，頒發(fā)土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)證書(shū)2億份。

Boosting rural property right through land reform. Rural people's basic needs are ensured by the household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to output, introduced after the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, and their burden is eased with the abolition of agricultural taxes and fees. 

Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, measures have been taken to ensure that rural land contracting practices will remain stable and unchanged on a long-term basis. The system for separating the ownership, contractual, and management rights for contracted rural land has improved. Farmers have the right to possess, use and benefit from the contracted land, and can transfer or mortgage their management right. The government ensures rural households' usufruct of their landholdings. It aims to help rural people increase income from property and endowing them with more property rights. 

As of 2020, all 31 provinces and equivalent administrative units had begun to certify the rights to contracted land, confirming the contractual right to 100 million ha of land, upgrading 200 million land contracts, and issuing 200 million land contractual management certificates.

農(nóng)民工生活條件不斷改善。2012年至2020年，全國(guó)農(nóng)民工人均月收入從2290元上升到4072元。進(jìn)城農(nóng)民工居住環(huán)境明顯改善，人均居住面積達(dá)到21.5平方米，住房中有洗澡設(shè)施的占85.4%，能上網(wǎng)的占94.8%，擁有電冰箱、洗衣機(jī)、汽車（包括經(jīng)營(yíng)用車）的比重分別為67%、68.1%、30.8%。

Improving the lives of migrant workers. The per capita monthly income of migrant workers increased from RMB2,290 in 2012 to RMB4,072 in 2020. Migrant workers in cities now enjoy much better housing, with a per capita living area of 21.5 sq m. 85.4 percent of them have showers, 94.8 percent have access to the internet, 67 percent have refrigerators, 68.1 percent have washing machines, and 30.8 percent have automobiles for private or business use. 

關(guān)愛(ài)農(nóng)村留守人員。隨著返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)就業(yè)、就業(yè)扶貧、隨遷子女就地入學(xué)等工作的持續(xù)開(kāi)展，全國(guó)農(nóng)村留守兒童數(shù)量從2016年的902萬(wàn)名下降到2020年的643.6萬(wàn)名。印發(fā)《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步健全農(nóng)村留守兒童和困境兒童關(guān)愛(ài)服務(wù)體系的意見(jiàn)》《關(guān)于勞動(dòng)密集型企業(yè)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村留守兒童和困境兒童關(guān)愛(ài)服務(wù)工作的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》等政策文件，完善農(nóng)村留守兒童關(guān)愛(ài)工作頂層設(shè)計(jì)。印發(fā)《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村留守婦女關(guān)愛(ài)服務(wù)工作的意見(jiàn)》，結(jié)合各地實(shí)際，面向有困難、有需求的農(nóng)村留守婦女提供相應(yīng)關(guān)愛(ài)服務(wù)。印發(fā)《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村留守老年人關(guān)愛(ài)服務(wù)工作的意見(jiàn)》，農(nóng)村留守老年人關(guān)愛(ài)服務(wù)政策已實(shí)現(xiàn)省級(jí)層面全覆蓋，有力保障了特殊困難老年人基本生活。

Caring for family members of migrant workers left behind in rural areas. Policies have been introduced to boost employment for poverty alleviation and more people are returning to their hometowns to work or start businesses. There is also help to enable the children of migrant workers to go to school in cities where their parents work. This has resulted in a drop in the number of left-behind children, from 9 million in 2016 to 6.4 million in 2020. 

The government has issued the Opinions on Further Improving the System of Care and Services for Rural Left-Behind Children and Children in Need, and the Guidelines for Labor-Intensive Enterprises to Further Strengthen Care and Services for Rural Left-Behind Children and Children in Need, to improve policy design in this regard. The government has also issued the Opinions on Strengthening Care and Services for Rural Left-Behind Women, to provide services to rural women in need, and the Opinions on Strengthening Care and Services for Rural Left-Behind Elderly, to ensure basic needs for poor elderly people through service networks covering all provinces.

農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境極大改善。推進(jìn)農(nóng)村生活垃圾治理，扎實(shí)開(kāi)展農(nóng)村廁所革命，梯次推進(jìn)農(nóng)村生活污水治理，提升村容村貌。截至2020年，全國(guó)95%以上村莊開(kāi)展了清潔行動(dòng)。2019年至2020年，累計(jì)安排144億元中央財(cái)政資金實(shí)施農(nóng)村廁所革命整村推進(jìn)獎(jiǎng)補(bǔ)政策，安排中央預(yù)算內(nèi)投資60億元支持中西部省份以縣為單位開(kāi)展農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境整治項(xiàng)目建設(shè)。中央財(cái)政對(duì)農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境整治成效明顯的39個(gè)縣給予激勵(lì)支持。

Enhancing the rural living environment. To improve the living environment in rural areas, proper facilities have been created for treating household waste and domestic sewage, and solid efforts have been made to enhance toilet sanitation through the "toilet revolution". As of 2020, more than 95 percent of villages had taken action for a cleaner environment. In 2019 and 2020, the government allocated RMB14.4 billion from central finance to subsidize the "toilet revolution" in villages, and RMB6 billion from the central budget to support programs for improving the rural living environment in the counties of central and western provinces. Monetary incentives were given to the 39 best-performing counties.

2. 婦女兒童老年人權(quán)益保障持續(xù)加強(qiáng)

2. Increasing Protection of the Rights of Women, Children and the Elderly

法律政策體系日臻完善。中國(guó)于20世紀(jì)90年代先后制定未成年人保護(hù)法、婦女權(quán)益保障法、老年人權(quán)益保障法，并對(duì)三項(xiàng)法律進(jìn)行多次修改完善。制定母嬰保健法、反家庭暴力法、預(yù)防未成年人犯罪法等法律，頒布《女職工勞動(dòng)保護(hù)特別規(guī)定》《禁止使用童工規(guī)定》《校車安全管理?xiàng)l例》《未成年工特殊保護(hù)規(guī)定》等行政法規(guī)及部門規(guī)章，為保障婦女兒童老年人權(quán)益奠定了法律基礎(chǔ)。印發(fā)《關(guān)于建立健全法規(guī)政策性別平等評(píng)估機(jī)制的意見(jiàn)》，切實(shí)從法規(guī)、規(guī)章、政策的源頭上貫徹男女平等基本國(guó)策，促進(jìn)婦女全面發(fā)展。2020年頒布民法典，增設(shè)居住權(quán)，明確夫妻共同債務(wù)的范圍，增加防止和制止性騷擾等條款，進(jìn)一步提高了婦女兒童老年人等群體的保護(hù)水平。中國(guó)政府先后制定實(shí)施三個(gè)周期的中國(guó)婦女發(fā)展綱要、中國(guó)兒童發(fā)展綱要和五個(gè)老齡事業(yè)發(fā)展綱要（規(guī)劃）。

Optimizing laws and policies. Since they were promulgated in the 1990s, the Law on the Protection of Minors, the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests, and the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly have undergone multiple revisions to better serve their purpose. 

A series of laws and regulations, including the Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care, the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, the Special Provisions on Labor Protection for Female Employees, the Provisions on Prohibiting the Use of Child Labor, the Regulations on School Bus Safety Management, and the Special Provisions on the Protection of Juvenile Workers, have been enacted to lay down a legal basis for protecting the rights of women, children and the elderly. The government has issued the Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Mechanism for Evaluating Gender Equality Implications in Laws, Regulations and Policies, to codify and institutionalize the basic national policy of gender equality and promote the all-round development of women.

The Civil Code promulgated in 2020 includes articles regarding the right of habitation, the common debts of spouses, and measures to prevent and stop sexual harassment, further strengthening protection for the three groups. The Chinese government has developed three outlines and plans for the development of women, three for children, and five for the elderly.

婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)參與能力不斷提升。全國(guó)15歲及以上女性文盲率由1979年的20.5%降至2017年的7.3%，普通高等學(xué)校本?？圃谛Ｅ荚谛Ｉ倲?shù)的比例由1978年的24.1%提高到2019年的51.7%。全國(guó)女性就業(yè)人數(shù)占全社會(huì)就業(yè)人數(shù)的比重超過(guò)四成。2018年修訂的農(nóng)村土地承包法明確規(guī)定，農(nóng)村土地承包，婦女與男子享有平等的權(quán)利。2018年十三屆全國(guó)人大代表中有742名婦女代表，占比24.9%，比1983年第六屆全國(guó)人大提高了3.7個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；十三屆全國(guó)政協(xié)委員中有440名女性委員，占比20.4%，比1983年第六屆全國(guó)政協(xié)提高了7.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

Empowering women to participate in economic and social affairs. The illiteracy rate of women aged 15 years and above dropped from 20.5 percent in 1979 to 7.3 percent in 2017, and the proportion of female students in junior colleges and universities rose from 24.1 percent in 1978 to 51.7 percent in 2019. More than 40 percent of the employed are women. 

The Law on Land Contract in Rural Areas amended in 2018 stipulates that women enjoy equal rights with men in undertaking land contracts. There were 742 female deputies to the 13th NPC in 2018, accounting for 24.9 percent of the total and 3.7 percentage points higher than the percentage of female deputies to the Sixth NPC in 1983. There were 440 female members in the 13th CPPCC National Committee, representing 20.4 percent of the total and 7.6 percentage points higher than that in the Sixth CPPCC National Committee in 1983.

婦女兒童健康保障水平進(jìn)一步提高。2020年，全國(guó)孕產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)前檢查率為97.4%，住院分娩率為99.9%。實(shí)施農(nóng)村婦女宮頸癌和乳腺癌免費(fèi)檢查項(xiàng)目，將宮頸癌和乳腺癌納入國(guó)家大病救治范圍。實(shí)施貧困地區(qū)兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善項(xiàng)目，截至2020年，累計(jì)1120萬(wàn)兒童從項(xiàng)目中受益。5歲以下兒童死亡率從1991年的61‰下降至2020年的7.5‰。

Improving health care for women and children. In 2020, the rate of prenatal care was 97.4 percent, and the rate of hospital deliveries was 99.9 percent. The government has carried out a program of free cervical and breast cancer checkups for women in rural areas, and brought cervical and breast cancer into the scope of national subsidies for serious illnesses. 

The government has launched the Nutrition Improvement Program for Children in Poor Areas, benefitting 11.2 million children by 2020. Between 1991 and 2020, the mortality rate of children under five decreased from 61 per thousand to 7.5 per thousand.

兒童得到特別關(guān)愛(ài)和特殊保護(hù)。2020年，全國(guó)有兒童社區(qū)服務(wù)中心2.9萬(wàn)個(gè)，社區(qū)服務(wù)站24.9萬(wàn)個(gè)，城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)家長(zhǎng)學(xué)校36萬(wàn)個(gè)，城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)兒童之家32萬(wàn)余個(gè)。全國(guó)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)一級(jí)配備兒童督導(dǎo)員5.6萬(wàn)名，村一級(jí)配備兒童主任67.5萬(wàn)名，基層兒童工作隊(duì)伍建設(shè)和兒童關(guān)愛(ài)服務(wù)水平不斷提高。進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)孤兒、殘疾兒童、農(nóng)村留守兒童、困境兒童等特殊群體的關(guān)愛(ài)保護(hù)。加大孤兒保障力度。2019年，中央專項(xiàng)資金對(duì)孤兒基本生活補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高50%，東、中、西部分別補(bǔ)助300元/月、450元/月和600元/月。截至2020年，全國(guó)兒童福利機(jī)構(gòu)集中養(yǎng)育孤兒6萬(wàn)名，基本生活保障月平均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)1611.3元/人；社會(huì)散居孤兒13.4萬(wàn)名，基本社會(huì)保障月平均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)1184.3元/人。印發(fā)《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)事實(shí)無(wú)人撫養(yǎng)兒童保障工作的意見(jiàn)》，將事實(shí)無(wú)人撫養(yǎng)兒童全面納入制度保障范圍。截至2020年，全國(guó)共有25.4萬(wàn)名事實(shí)無(wú)人撫養(yǎng)兒童納入保障范圍，全國(guó)平均保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)每人每月1184.3元。堅(jiān)持對(duì)侵害未成年人犯罪“零容忍”。2017年至2020年，各級(jí)檢察機(jī)關(guān)共批準(zhǔn)逮捕侵害未成年人犯罪16.02萬(wàn)人，起訴21.85萬(wàn)人。在司法程序中充分保障未成年被害人的合法權(quán)利，推行具備取證、心理疏導(dǎo)、司法救助等功能的“一站式”詢問(wèn)、救助機(jī)制，截至2020年，全國(guó)共建成“一站式”詢問(wèn)、救助辦案區(qū)1029個(gè)。加強(qiáng)未成年被害人多元綜合救助，2019年共向4306名未成年被害人及其家庭等發(fā)放救助金6200余萬(wàn)元。

Providing special care and protection for children. In 2020, there were 29,000 community service centers and 249,000 service stations for children, 360,000 parenting schools, and 320,000 children's activity centers in urban and rural communities. There were 56,000 child welfare supervisors in towns and townships, and 675,000 child welfare directors in villages, forming a strong grassroots force for children's care and protection. 

Greater care and protection have been given to orphans, children with disabilities, rural left-behind children whose parents work in cities, and children in need. The state has strengthened guarantee for the basic needs of orphans. In 2019, the basic living subsidies from special government funds for orphans increased by 50 percent to RMB300, RMB450 and RMB600 per person/month for eastern, central and western regions. At the end of 2020, there were 60,000 orphans in child welfare institutions, with an average monthly living allowance of RMB1,611 per person; there were 134,000 orphans not in care facilities, with an average monthly living allowance of RMB1,184 per person. 

The government issued the Opinions on Further Strengthening Protection of Uncared-for Children, to bring all de facto orphans into the coverage of state support. By 2020, 254,000 uncared-for children were covered by state support, and given an average monthly living allowance of RMB1,184 per person. 

The state maintains zero tolerance for crimes against minors. Between 2017 and 2020, prosecuting bodies at all levels approved the arrest of 160,200 people committing crimes against minors, and prosecuted 218,500 people. In judicial procedures, the rights of victimized minors are fully protected by promoting one-stop inquiry and assistance mechanisms integrating evidence collection, psychological counseling, and judicial assistance. By 2020, there were 1,029 one-stop inquiry and assistance sites across the country. More help is provided in different forms to minor victims. In 2019, more than RMB62 million of aid was granted to 4,306 minor victims and their families.

老年人生活和權(quán)益保障狀況持續(xù)改善。中國(guó)大力發(fā)展養(yǎng)老服務(wù)，逐步建立居家社區(qū)機(jī)構(gòu)相協(xié)調(diào)、醫(yī)養(yǎng)康養(yǎng)相結(jié)合的養(yǎng)老服務(wù)體系，大力開(kāi)展農(nóng)村留守老年人關(guān)愛(ài)服務(wù)，推進(jìn)老年人家庭適老化改造和老年宜居環(huán)境建設(shè)，將贍養(yǎng)老人支出納入個(gè)人所得稅抵扣范圍，努力讓老年人老有所養(yǎng)、老有所依、老有所樂(lè)、老有所安。2020年，國(guó)家將1834萬(wàn)困難老年人及時(shí)納入最低生活保障范圍，388萬(wàn)老年人納入特困人員救助供養(yǎng)范圍。經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的高齡失能等老年人補(bǔ)貼制度實(shí)現(xiàn)省級(jí)全覆蓋。截至2020年，全國(guó)享受高齡津貼、護(hù)理補(bǔ)貼、服務(wù)補(bǔ)貼的老年人分別為3058.9萬(wàn)、81萬(wàn)和23.5萬(wàn)。截至2020年，全國(guó)建成各類養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)3.8萬(wàn)個(gè)，社區(qū)養(yǎng)老服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)和設(shè)施有28萬(wàn)個(gè)，養(yǎng)老床位合計(jì)823.8萬(wàn)張。國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)文件，強(qiáng)調(diào)堅(jiān)持傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)方式與智能化服務(wù)創(chuàng)新并行，切實(shí)解決老年人在運(yùn)用智能技術(shù)方面遇到的困難。

Guaranteeing the lives and rights of the elderly. The Chinese government is developing an old-age service network that coordinates home, community and facility care, and combines medical care with health preservation. It has strengthened care and services for left-behind elderly people in rural areas, and adapted home and public environments to make life easier for the elderly. Individual income tax deduction applies to expenses for taking care of elderly family members. The government aims to ensure care, support, recreation, and security for the elderly. 

In 2020, the government brought 18.3 million poor elderly people into the scope of subsistence allowances, and covered 3.9 million elderly people living in extreme poverty with government support. Subsidies are ensured at the provincial level nationwide for poor elderly people who cannot perform essential self-care. As of 2020, 30.6 million elderly people enjoyed old-age allowances, 810,000 enjoyed nursing subsidies, and 235,000 enjoyed service subsidies. There were 38,000 care institutions and 280,000 community care facilities for the elderly across the country, with a total of 8.2 million beds.

The State Council has issued policies supporting the provision of both traditional and digital public services to ensure ease of access for elderly people.

3. 少數(shù)民族權(quán)益保障進(jìn)一步完善

3. Furthering Protection of the Rights of Ethnic Minorities

少數(shù)民族參與國(guó)家事務(wù)管理權(quán)利得到有效保障。嚴(yán)格落實(shí)憲法法律關(guān)于民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員中配備少數(shù)民族領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的規(guī)定，以及關(guān)于少數(shù)民族人大代表選舉的規(guī)定。選舉法明確規(guī)定，人口特少的民族，至少應(yīng)有全國(guó)人大代表一人。55個(gè)少數(shù)民族均有本民族的全國(guó)人大代表和全國(guó)政協(xié)委員。十三屆全國(guó)人大代表中，少數(shù)民族代表438名，占14.7%。

Guaranteeing the right of ethnic minority groups to participate in the administration of state affairs. The provisions in the Constitution and laws regarding the representation of ethnic minority groups in the leadership of organs exercising regional autonomy and the election of ethnic minority deputies to the people's congresses are strictly implemented. 

The Electoral Law stipulates that ethnic groups with a small population shall have at least one deputy to the NPC. All 55 ethnic minority groups have deputies to the NPC and members in the CPPCC National Committee. The 13th NPC has 438 ethnic minority deputies, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total. 

少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)生活水平大幅提升。國(guó)家制定專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃，實(shí)施西部大開(kāi)發(fā)、興邊富民行動(dòng)、對(duì)口支援以及扶持人口較少民族發(fā)展、少數(shù)民族特色村鎮(zhèn)保護(hù)與發(fā)展等一系列政策措施，促進(jìn)民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展。內(nèi)蒙古、廣西、西藏、寧夏、新疆五個(gè)自治區(qū)和貴州、云南、青海三個(gè)多民族省份2018年至2020年的總體經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)幅度超過(guò)全國(guó)平均增長(zhǎng)水平，居民人均可支配收入從1978年的150多元增長(zhǎng)到2020年的24534元。

Raising the living standards of ethnic minority groups and areas. Special programs have been launched, and policies and measures have been implemented to boost the economy of ethnic minority areas, such as the development of the western region, the action plan to bring prosperity to border areas and their residents, paired assistance between developed areas and less developed ethnic autonomous areas, special support for ethnic groups with small populations, and preservation and development of ethnic minority villages and towns. 

Between 2018 and 2020, the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the three provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai with large ethnic minority populations recorded faster economic growth than the national average. The per capita disposable income of their residents increased from RMB150 in 1978 to RMB24,534 in 2020.

少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)教育事業(yè)快速發(fā)展。中國(guó)通過(guò)發(fā)展民族地區(qū)各級(jí)各類學(xué)校，舉辦預(yù)科班、民族班，在廣大農(nóng)牧區(qū)推行寄宿制教育，著力辦好民族地區(qū)高等教育等舉措，促進(jìn)教育公平，保障少數(shù)民族受教育權(quán)利。民族地區(qū)已全面普及從小學(xué)到初中9年義務(wù)教育，西藏自治區(qū)和新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的南疆阿克蘇地區(qū)、克孜勒蘇柯?tīng)柨俗巫灾沃荨⒖κ驳貐^(qū)、和田地區(qū)四地州實(shí)現(xiàn)了從學(xué)前到高中階段15年免費(fèi)教育。

Developing education in ethnic minority areas. China has adopted a series of measures to promote educational equality and ensure ethnic minorities' right to education. These measures include opening more schools in ethnic minority areas, offering preparatory courses or special classes at secondary schools and universities to ethnic minority students, running boarding schools in farming and pastoral areas, and developing higher education in ethnic minority areas. 

All ethnic minority areas have enforced nine-year compulsory education from primary school to junior high school. In the Tibet Autonomous Region and in Hotan, Kashgar, and Aksu prefectures and Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, students enjoy 15 years of free education from preschool to senior high school.

少數(shù)民族文化事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。在民族地區(qū)推廣普及國(guó)家通用語(yǔ)言文字，依法保障各民族使用和發(fā)展自己的語(yǔ)言文字的自由，促進(jìn)民族團(tuán)結(jié)和社會(huì)和諧。截至2020年，民族自治地方共設(shè)置廣播電臺(tái)、電視臺(tái)、廣播電視臺(tái)等播出機(jī)構(gòu)729個(gè)。全國(guó)各級(jí)播出機(jī)構(gòu)共開(kāi)辦民族語(yǔ)電視頻道279套，民族語(yǔ)廣播188套。元上都遺址、土司遺址、紅河哈尼梯田文化景觀、拉薩布達(dá)拉宮歷史建筑群（含羅布林卡和大昭寺）、“絲綢之路：長(zhǎng)安－天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”等列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。中國(guó)入選聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄（名冊(cè)）的42項(xiàng)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)中，少數(shù)民族項(xiàng)目有15項(xiàng)，占37.5%。在少數(shù)民族地區(qū)設(shè)立了11個(gè)國(guó)家級(jí)文化生態(tài)保護(hù)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）區(qū)。全國(guó)25個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）已建立民族古籍整理與研究機(jī)構(gòu)，截至2020年，搶救、整理散藏民間的少數(shù)民族古籍約百萬(wàn)種（不含館藏及寺院藏書(shū)），包括很多珍貴的孤本和善本。組織實(shí)施《中國(guó)少數(shù)民族古籍總目提要》編纂工程，全部完成后將收錄書(shū)目約30萬(wàn)種。

Boosting cultural undertakings of ethnic minority groups. While promoting standard spoken and written Chinese, the state protects the right of ethnic minority groups to use and develop their own spoken and written languages to consolidate ethnic unity and social harmony. As of 2020, there were 729 radio and television stations in ethnic autonomous areas. The broadcasting stations across the country run 279 television channels and 188 radio programs in ethnic minority languages. 

The Site of Xanadu, the Tusi Sites, the Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, the Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace of Lhasa, and Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor are all included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Of the 42 items from China included in the UNESCO Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage, 15 are from ethnic minority areas. 

China has established 11 national (pilot) cultural reserves in ethnic minority areas. A total of 25 provinces and equivalent administrative units have institutions that catalogue and study ancient classics and records of ethnic minorities. By 2020, about 1 million privately-held ethnic minority ancient classics and records (excluding books collected in museums and temples), including many rare editions and single extant copies, had been rescued and catalogued. China has launched the compilation of Collection of Ancient Classics and Records of Chinese Ethnic Minorities, which will include about 300,000 books upon completion.

民族地區(qū)人民生活安寧祥和。在統(tǒng)一多民族的中國(guó)，不斷鑄牢中華民族共同體意識(shí)，堅(jiān)持共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展，各民族共建美好家園，共創(chuàng)美好未來(lái)。在各族人民群眾共同支持下，國(guó)家依法打擊民族分裂勢(shì)力、宗教極端勢(shì)力、暴力恐怖勢(shì)力，維護(hù)民族團(tuán)結(jié)和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，人民的生活安寧權(quán)、生命健康權(quán)、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)等得到有效保障，獲得感、幸福感、安全感不斷提升。

Safeguarding peace and stability in ethnic minority areas. In this unified multiethnic country, the sense of identity of the Chinese nation is heightened to unite all the people in pressing forward for common prosperity and a bright future. With strong support from all ethnic groups, the government takes lawful actions to combat terrorists, separatists and religious extremists, to safeguard ethnic unity and social stability. People's rights to a peaceful existence, to life and health, and to property are effectively protected, and their sense of gain, happiness and security continues to grow.

4. 殘疾人權(quán)益保障更加有力

4. Strengthening Guarantee of the Rights of People with Disabilities

殘疾人社會(huì)保障體系不斷完善。全面建立困難殘疾人生活補(bǔ)貼和重度殘疾人護(hù)理補(bǔ)貼制度。截至2020年，享受困難殘疾人生活補(bǔ)貼人數(shù)有1212.6萬(wàn)人，享受重度殘疾人護(hù)理補(bǔ)貼人數(shù)有1473.8萬(wàn)人。截至2020年，共有2699.2萬(wàn)殘疾人參加城鄉(xiāng)居民社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)，其中1140.5萬(wàn)殘疾人領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金；1076.8萬(wàn)殘疾人獲得城鄉(xiāng)最低生活保障，其中重度殘疾人641.4萬(wàn)人；680.1萬(wàn)重度殘疾人中政府代繳養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)比例達(dá)到96.7%；另有303.7萬(wàn)非重度殘疾人享受全額或部分代繳養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的優(yōu)惠政策。

Improving social security. China has established a subsidy system to provide for the living expenses of disabled people in need and to pay the nursing costs of people with severe disabilities. By 2020, the system had benefitted 12.1 million poor disabled people and 14.7 million with severe disabilities in need of nursing. A total of 27 million people with disabilities were covered in old-age insurance schemes in both urban and rural areas, with 11.4 million receiving pensions. 10.8 million people with disabilities received urban or rural subsistence allowances, including 6.4 million with severe disabilities. The government paid basic old-age insurance premiums for 96.7 percent of the 6.8 million people with severe disabilities. The government also fully or partly paid the premiums for 3 million people with mild or moderate disabilities.

殘疾人康復(fù)服務(wù)普惠可及。殘疾人康復(fù)服務(wù)納入基本公共服務(wù)規(guī)劃，建立殘疾兒童康復(fù)救助制度，實(shí)施殘疾人精準(zhǔn)康復(fù)服務(wù)行動(dòng)，發(fā)展精神障礙社區(qū)康復(fù)服務(wù)，推進(jìn)康復(fù)輔助器具產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，為殘疾兒童和持證殘疾人提供基本康復(fù)服務(wù)和產(chǎn)品。2020年，1077.7萬(wàn)名殘疾兒童及持證殘疾人得到基本康復(fù)服務(wù)，242.6萬(wàn)名殘疾人得到各類輔助器具適配服務(wù)。自2018年建立實(shí)施殘疾兒童康復(fù)救助制度以來(lái)，全國(guó)接受康復(fù)救助的殘疾兒童達(dá)67.6萬(wàn)人次。殘疾預(yù)防工作取得積極成效。2017年國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)將每年8月25日設(shè)立為“殘疾預(yù)防日”，提高公眾殘疾預(yù)防意識(shí)。制定發(fā)布《國(guó)家殘疾預(yù)防行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2016－2020年）》，有效控制出生缺陷和發(fā)育障礙致殘、著力防控疾病致殘、努力減少傷害致殘和顯著改善康復(fù)服務(wù)等四項(xiàng)行動(dòng)取得積極進(jìn)展，主要任務(wù)目標(biāo)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)。

Making rehabilitation universally available. The government has included rehabilitation services for the disabled in plans for basic public services, and carried out targeted rehabilitation programs to help those in need. It has established a rehabilitation assistance mechanism for disabled children, developed community rehabilitation services for people with mental illnesses, and boosted the industry of rehabilitation assistive devices. Basic rehabilitation services and products are provided to disabled children and people with certified disabilities. 

In 2020, 10.8 million disabled children and people with certified disabilities received basic rehabilitation services, and 2.4 million people with disabilities benefited from adaption services for assistive devices. About 676,000 disabled children have benefited from a rehabilitation assistance mechanism that was initiated in 2018. 

Efforts to prevent disability have paid off. In 2017, the State Council approved the establishment of August 25 as the Disability Prevention Day, to promote public awareness of disability prevention. The National Disability Prevention Action Plan (2016-2020) laid out effective measures for controling the occurrence of birth defects and disabilities caused by development disorders, preventing disabilities caused by illnesses, reducing injuries that cause disabilities, and improving rehabilitation services. Substantial progress has been made in these four areas, and the main targets have been reached.

殘疾人受教育水平穩(wěn)步提高。著力辦好特殊教育，大力發(fā)展融合教育，努力保障殘疾人享有平等受教育權(quán)。2020年全國(guó)共有特殊教育學(xué)校2244所，專任教師6.62萬(wàn)人，在校學(xué)生88.08萬(wàn)人，比2013年增加51.27萬(wàn)人，增長(zhǎng)139.3%。不斷完善隨班就讀支持保障體系，在普通學(xué)校隨班就讀的殘疾學(xué)生規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，由2013年的19.1萬(wàn)人增加到2020年的43.58萬(wàn)人，增長(zhǎng)128.2%。近10年來(lái)，殘疾學(xué)生在普通學(xué)校就讀的比例均接近或超過(guò)50%。全國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)了家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難殘疾學(xué)生從小學(xué)到高中階段教育的12年免費(fèi)教育。

Creating better access to education. People with disabilities have an equal right to education that is guaranteed through special education and inclusive education. In 2020, there were 2,244 special education schools with 66,200 full-time teachers and 880,800 students, an increase of 512,700 students or 139 percent from 2013. Continued efforts have also been made to provide the necessary support for students with disabilities to go to regular schools, and the number of students with disabilities attending regular schools has seen a steady increase, from 191,000 in 2013 to 435,800 in 2020, an increase of 128 percent. Over the past decade, about 50 percent of students with disabilities have been able to study at regular schools. Free 12-year education from primary school to senior high school has been ensured for disabled students from poor families.

殘疾人就業(yè)權(quán)利得到更好保障。中國(guó)通過(guò)完善法律法規(guī)、拓展就業(yè)渠道、完善服務(wù)體系，促進(jìn)殘疾人就業(yè)權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)。截至2020年，全國(guó)共有殘疾人就業(yè)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)2811家，國(guó)家級(jí)殘疾人職業(yè)培訓(xùn)基地478家，城鄉(xiāng)持證殘疾人就業(yè)人數(shù)855.2萬(wàn)人。積極開(kāi)展殘疾人扶貧。2015年至2020年，全國(guó)共建立4581個(gè)殘疾人扶貧基地，扶持近40.9萬(wàn)殘疾人就業(yè)增收；建檔立卡貧困殘疾人家庭人均純收入由2015年的2776.2元增長(zhǎng)到2019年的8726.2元。

Guaranteeing the right to work. China promotes the employment of people with disabilities by improving relevant laws and regulations, expanding employment channels, and improving services. In 2020, there were 2,811 employment service agencies and 478 vocational training centers for people with disabilities, and the number of employed people with certified disabilities reached 8.6 million. 

Efforts have been made to help people with disabilities emerge from poverty. Between 2015 and 2020, China built 4,581 poverty alleviation centers for people with disabilities, helping 409,000 disabled people find jobs and increase income. The per capita net income of registered poor household with disabled members grew from RMB2,776 in 2015 to RMB8,726 in 2019.

殘疾人無(wú)障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)大力推進(jìn)。制定實(shí)施《無(wú)障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)條例》。截至2020年，1753個(gè)市、縣開(kāi)展無(wú)障礙建設(shè)，全國(guó)累計(jì)創(chuàng)建469個(gè)無(wú)障礙市縣村鎮(zhèn)。全國(guó)村（社區(qū)）綜合服務(wù)設(shè)施中有81.05%的出入口、56.58%的服務(wù)柜臺(tái)、38.66%的廁所進(jìn)行了無(wú)障礙建設(shè)和改造。2016年至2020年，全國(guó)共有65萬(wàn)貧困重度殘疾人家庭得到了無(wú)障礙改造。截至2019年，全國(guó)已建成各級(jí)殘疾人綜合服務(wù)設(shè)施2341個(gè)，康復(fù)設(shè)施1006個(gè)，托養(yǎng)服務(wù)設(shè)施887個(gè)；共有省級(jí)殘疾人專題廣播節(jié)目25個(gè)、電視手語(yǔ)欄目32個(gè)；設(shè)立盲文及盲文有聲讀物閱覽室1174個(gè)。全面推進(jìn)信息無(wú)障礙建設(shè)，增強(qiáng)信息無(wú)障礙終端產(chǎn)品供給，推進(jìn)無(wú)障礙產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用，拓寬殘疾人參與信息社會(huì)的渠道，推動(dòng)信息化與無(wú)障礙環(huán)境的深度融合，消除“數(shù)字鴻溝”，助力社會(huì)包容性發(fā)展。

Building an accessible environment. The Regulations on the Building of an Accessible Environment have come into effect. As of 2020, 1,753 cities and counties had initiated efforts to improve accessibility and remove barriers, and 469 cities, counties, towns, and villages had been recognized by the state as barrier-free. Among comprehensive service facilities in villages or communities across the country, 81 percent of entrances and exits, 56.6 percent of service counters and 38.7 percent of restrooms had been upgraded for accessibility. Between 2016 and 2020, home adaptation was carried out for 650,000 poor families with severely disabled members. As of 2019, there were 2,341 comprehensive service facilities, 1,006 rehabilitation facilities, and 887 care facilities for people with disabilities; at the provincial level, 25 radio programs and 32 sign language television programs serviced people with disabilities; and there were 1,174 reading rooms with Braille and audio books. 

A variety of measures have been taken to promote information accessibility, increasing the supply of accessible terminal products, and applying accessible products and technologies for better services. By expanding the channels for people with disabilities to engage in an information society, and facilitating the application of information technology to build an accessible environment, China is trying hard to eliminate the digital divide and create a more inclusive society.

全面小康，貴在全面。中國(guó)始終把人民安危冷暖、安居樂(lè)業(yè)放在首位，全力解決好人民群眾關(guān)心的問(wèn)題，在幼有所育、學(xué)有所教、勞有所得、病有所醫(yī)、老有所養(yǎng)、住有所居、弱有所扶上取得顯著進(jìn)展。全面建成小康社會(huì)惠益了全體人民，使中國(guó)人民享有了比任何時(shí)候都更為充分的人權(quán)。

Moderate prosperity covers every aspect. The Chinese government gives top priority to ensuring people's wellbeing, and spares no effort in addressing concerns of the people. Significant progress has been made in ensuring access to childcare, education, employment, housing, medical services, elderly care, and social assistance. Moderate prosperity in all respects benefits all Chinese people and enables them to enjoy greater human rights than ever before.

結(jié)束語(yǔ)

Conclusion

全面建成小康社會(huì)，是全體中國(guó)人民在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下拼搏奮斗的一項(xiàng)偉大壯舉。

Under the CPC's leadership, the Chinese people have achieved moderate prosperity in all respects, a historic undertaking completed through consistent hard work. 

全面建成小康社會(huì)的偉大實(shí)踐，積累了尊重和保障人權(quán)的寶貴經(jīng)驗(yàn)。這就是在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，在中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度中，堅(jiān)持人權(quán)的普遍性與中國(guó)國(guó)情相結(jié)合，堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念，堅(jiān)持生存權(quán)發(fā)展權(quán)是首要的基本人權(quán)，堅(jiān)持以發(fā)展促人權(quán)，堅(jiān)持人民幸福生活是最大的人權(quán)，堅(jiān)持人權(quán)法治保障，堅(jiān)持促進(jìn)人權(quán)事業(yè)全面發(fā)展，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。

In this process, China has respected and protected human rights within the institutional framework of Chinese socialism under CPC leadership: 

? applying the principle of universality of human rights in China's context; 

? taking a people-centered approach to human rights; 

? protecting the rights to subsistence and development as the primary task; 

? promoting human rights through development; 

? with a happy life as the ultimate goal; 

? providing legal guarantee for the protection of human rights; 

? promoting comprehensive progress in human rights; 

? building a global community of shared future.

中國(guó)人口占世界總?cè)丝诘慕宸种?。中?guó)全面建成小康社會(huì)，是世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展史上的重要里程碑。中國(guó)在全面建成小康社會(huì)的偉大進(jìn)程中，所創(chuàng)造的尊重和保障人權(quán)的成功做法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，為增進(jìn)人類福祉貢獻(xiàn)了中國(guó)智慧、提供了中國(guó)方案。

China's population is about one fifth of the world's total. China's success in realizing moderate prosperity is a milestone in the history of global human rights. China's approach and experience have provided a distinctive path forward for human progress. 

人權(quán)保障沒(méi)有最好，只有更好。全面建成小康社會(huì)，奠定了中國(guó)人權(quán)發(fā)展進(jìn)步的新起點(diǎn)。在全面建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家新征程中，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨將把握新發(fā)展階段，貫徹新發(fā)展理念，構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，繼續(xù)帶領(lǐng)全體人民為享有更加幸福安康的生活和更高水平的人權(quán)而奮斗。中國(guó)必將為世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展作出新的更大貢獻(xiàn)。

There is no end to improving human rights. Moderate prosperity is a new starting point on China's quest for human rights. To fully build China into a modern socialist country, the CPC will practice the new development philosophy, build a new development dynamic, and pursue high-quality development, to ensure the Chinese people live a happier life and enjoy more extensive human rights. As a commitment to the world, China will make a greater contribution to global human rights.

（來(lái)源：新華網(wǎng)）

(Source: Xinhua)