定點扶貧
定點扶貧，是指黨政機關、企事業(yè)單位和社會團體利用自己的資源，以貧困區(qū)域的重點貧困縣為主要幫扶對象，與貧困地區(qū)合作以幫助其脫貧致富的一種開發(fā)式扶貧模式，其目的是促進黨政機關、企事業(yè)單位和社會團體參與扶貧工作。這是中國特色扶貧開發(fā)工作的重要組成部分。2012年11月8日，國務院扶貧辦、中組部等八部門聯(lián)合印發(fā)《關于做好新一輪中央、國家機關和有關單位定點扶貧工作的通知》，確定了新一輪定點扶貧結對關系。參與定點扶貧的中央和國家機關等單位達到310個，第一次實現(xiàn)了定點扶貧工作對592個國家扶貧開發(fā)工作重點縣的全覆蓋。
依據(jù)定點扶貧工作介入點的不同，可以將實踐中的不同扶貧方式分為：以項目扶持為介入點的扶貧模式、以產業(yè)開發(fā)為著力點的扶貧模式、以企業(yè)發(fā)展為推手的扶貧模式、以結對幫扶為手段的扶貧模式。
其一，以項目扶持為介入點的定點扶貧模式。在該模式下，定點扶貧主體以扶持適合當?shù)匕l(fā)展項目的形式幫助其解決貧困問題。水利部在其定點貧困縣開展以項目幫扶為主的扶貧工作，采取“項目扶持、資金支持”的方式，實施以“六大工程”建設為重點的民生水利工程，解決當?shù)氐幕A設施、農田水利、村容村貌、教育等問題，扶貧成效明顯。
其二，以產業(yè)開發(fā)為著力點的定點扶貧模式。這種模式以產業(yè)開發(fā)為重點，通過促進當?shù)禺a業(yè)結構改善，帶動地區(qū)經濟發(fā)展，提高農民發(fā)展能力，實現(xiàn)落后地區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，解決貧困問題。科技部在光山、佳縣、井岡山、永新、魏縣、英山、柞水等定點幫扶縣，整合科技資源，聚焦關鍵技術攻關，重視科技示范作用，指導各地科技扶貧工作，促進了貧困地區(qū)特色產業(yè)發(fā)展。
其三，以企業(yè)發(fā)展為推手的定點扶貧模式。這種模式以扶持貧困地區(qū)的龍頭企業(yè)為引領，帶動地區(qū)經濟發(fā)展，轉移農業(yè)勞動力，解決貧困問題。該模式以中國石油天然氣集團公司定點幫扶臺前縣為典型代表。2007年，中國石油天然氣集團公司承接河南省臺前縣定點扶貧任務，發(fā)揮石油石化行業(yè)優(yōu)勢，扶持當?shù)佚堫^企業(yè)--濮陽市恒潤石化公司，帶動當?shù)厥褪a業(yè)發(fā)展，促進經濟增長和農民增收。
其四，以結對幫扶為手段的扶貧模式。在中央、省級部門的扶貧推動與宏觀指導下，貧困地區(qū)的市、縣級政府積極響應國家的號召，探索了諸如“對口幫扶”“結對助困”等適合本地區(qū)特點的社會扶貧發(fā)展模式。例如，陜西省榆林府谷縣創(chuàng)造了“3331”的扶貧方式。即利用3年時間，每年至少幫扶3000戶，做到幫扶到村、到戶、到人“三到位”，實現(xiàn)全縣貧困人口整體脫貧這一目標。
Paired-Up Assistance in Poverty Alleviation
Paired-up assistance is a unique practice in China's poverty alleviation. The CPC and government departments, enterprises, public institutions and social organizations are paired up with recipient poor counties to provide assistance to the latter. By using their own resources, these units can play their part in the national battle against poverty. This is an important element of China's poverty elimination campaign.
On November 8, 2012, the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development and seven other government departments jointly released a notice on a new round of paired-up assistance by central departments and ministries, and publicized a new list of cooperation partners. A total of 310 central departments and institutions appeared on the list, and for the first time the 592 poor counties were all paired up with partners.
The assistance may be provided by way of projects, economic development, creating enterprises, and paired-up assistance:
(1) Assistance projects suited to local conditions. For instance, the Ministry of Water Resources has assigned money to six projects in its paired counties, which have substantially improved local infrastructure, farmland irrigation, water conservancy, village conditions, and education;
(2) Economic development for sustainable growth of underdeveloped regions through improving the local industrial structure, boosting the regional economy, and enhancing the farmers' capacity for development. The Ministry of Science and Technology has provided technological assistance to its paired counties of Guangshan, Jiaxian, Jinggangshan, Yongxin, Weixian, Yingshan and Zhashui, thus promoting specialized industrial development in these places;
(3) Developing businesses to create jobs and drive the local economy. For example PetroChina was assigned to help Taiqian County of Henan Province in 2007. It has since supported Hengrun in Puyang, a leading local petrochemical plant, and consequently boosted the local oil and petrochemical industries and brought more income to local farmers; and
(4) Paired-up assistance for targeted effects. City and county governments in impoverished areas have developed modes of paired-up social assistance to suit local poverty alleviation. For instance, Fugu County in Shaanxi Province has adopted a "3331" model: designating local officials to help at least 3,000 households a year and provide assistance to every village, every household and every villager in order to realize the one goal of poverty elimination in three years through paired-up assistance.
