Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project

The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the largest of its kind in the world with its eastern, middle and western routes measuring 4,350 kilometers in total and a massive network of these three vertical routes connecting four major rivers. The project is designed to divert the water resources between the south and the north, the east and the west for a relatively reasonable redistribution.

The middle route draws water from the Danjiangkou Reservoir, which is located in the middle and upper reaches of the Hanjiang River, a tributary of the Yangtze. The canal water runs through two provinces (Henan and Hebei) and two municipalities (Beijing and Tianjin). Phase I of the middle route started construction at the end of 2003, and water diversion officially began in December 2014.

The 1,432-kilometer middle route connects four river basins: Yangtze, Huaihe, Yellow, and Haihe, crosses 219 rivers that each have a drainage area of 10 square kilometers, including the trunk stream of the Yellow River, and runs beneath railways at 44 spots. A total of 571 road bridges have to be built over the main diversion channel. Of all the structures, the tunnel beneath the Yellow River is the largest, most technically demanding, and most complicated and difficult with the longest construction period for a single structure. Of all the provinces and municipalities along the middle route, Henan possesses the longest trunk line (731 kilometers), which implies the most onerous work and the largest number of relocated people.

The middle route can largely mitigate the water scarcity in central and northern China, improve the ecological and investment environment in the water-receiving areas, and promote their socioeconomic development. By 2021, Phase I had cumulatively provided 44 billion cubic meters of water to Henan, Hebei, Tianjin, and Beijing, effectively easing their over-exploitation of underground water, bettering their economic landscape, and creating remarkable ecological and environmental benefits.

During the "100+ Biodiversity Positive Practices and Actions Around the World" campaign held in 2021, the "protection and restoration of water sources in the middle South-North water diversion route, Danjiang, Henan" was selected to be one of the global model cases, out of 258 candidates from 26 countries.

南水北調(diào)中線工程

南水北調(diào)工程是世界上規(guī)模最大的調(diào)水工程，東、中、西線干線規(guī)劃總長(zhǎng)度達(dá)4350千米，構(gòu)成以“四橫三縱”為主體的總體布局，以實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)水資源南北調(diào)配、東西互濟(jì)的合理配置格局。其中，中線工程從漢江中上游橫跨湖北和河南兩省的丹江口水庫(kù)取漢江水，輸水干渠地跨河南、河北、北京、天津4個(gè)省、直轄市，一期工程于2003年年底開(kāi)工，2014年12月正式通水。

中線工程全長(zhǎng)1432千米，溝通長(zhǎng)江、淮河、黃河、海河四大流域，穿過(guò)黃河干流及其他集流面積10平方千米以上河流219條，跨越鐵路44處，需建跨總干渠的公路橋571座。其中，穿黃隧洞是南水北調(diào)工程中規(guī)模最大、單項(xiàng)工期最長(zhǎng)、技術(shù)含量最高、施工難度最復(fù)雜的交叉建筑物。在中線工程涉及的?。ㄊ校┲?，河南省境內(nèi)干線長(zhǎng)度731千米，線路最長(zhǎng)，建設(shè)任務(wù)最重，移民搬遷人數(shù)最多。

南水北調(diào)中線工程可極大地緩解中國(guó)中、北部地區(qū)的水資源短缺問(wèn)題，改善受水區(qū)域的生態(tài)環(huán)境和投資環(huán)境，推動(dòng)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展。截至2021年，南水北調(diào)中線一期工程向豫冀津京累計(jì)調(diào)水超過(guò)441億立方米，有效緩解了地下水超采的局面，使經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展格局得到優(yōu)化，并取得十分顯著的生態(tài)環(huán)境效益。

2021年9月，在“生物多樣性100+案例”全球征集與評(píng)選活動(dòng)中，“河南丹江南水北調(diào)中線水源地保護(hù)與修復(fù)”案例，從全球26個(gè)國(guó)家的258個(gè)申報(bào)案例中脫穎而出，成功入選“生物多樣性100+全球典型案例”名單。